An Alternative Vision Strategy

A Discussion Paper, with Supporting Summaries of Radical Theologians’ Latest Books

by Rev Dr Alan Webster, Methodist Presbyter

Alan Webster

This paper was inspired by an attempt on the part of New Zealand Methodist leadership to craft a vision strategy for future development. Having seen, in 25 years in the Methodist Connexion, much earnest seeking but little evidence of any strategy that might stem its backward slide, I felt an urge to spell out the way I see it. Being a thorough maverick, a Presbyter, and originally a Baptist with more than a little radicalism in me to boot, and having studied religion’s progress in New Zealand for 20 years through the NZ Study of Values, I felt I might have a useful view. Being a university lecturer helps my independence.

Immediately on writing this paper in early 2001, I sent the first draft out to a number of Methodist leaders and others. The response was uniformly positive.A brief version appeared in Touchstone as part of a Spirit and Spice endorsement of my vision. This was linked too to a workshop with Spirit and Spice half-way through 2001. Since then I have been associated with their work. While subsequently taken up with ministry and ongoing research tasks, I have summarized and commented upon major books by seven radical theologians, for purposes of validation of my own theological stance and to supply relevant reading for readers of this statement.. Those summaries are included in the present vision write-up, which remains substantially unchanged since first writing.

Why a New Alternative Vision Statement?

A call for a new vision is both timely and necessary, as those seven theologians are far from alone in arguing. For several years now, urgent voices have called for more creative and radical interpretations of Christianity. For some, the pressure comes from the facts of declining church attendance and from survey statistics of belief and practice. Our research has contributed substantially to that assessment.

But a deeper disquiet demands attention. A recent Gallup Poll concluded that Europe was ‘the most godless place on earth.’ This of course deliberately provokes the retort "Well, perhaps, but only if you think God is confined to churches and to verbal protestations of faith". Interest in ‘what God is about’ supersedes mere church-survival concerns. But survival concerns have an immediacy that we can ill afford to ignore.

Our Values Study results for New Zealand, with world comparisons, suggest that New Zealand is at least as godless as Europe, both by church attendance rates and by percent believing in the traditional personal God. Is this enough of an indicator? Considerably more have a non-traditional view of God. Clearly, church does not contain all religion. More than twice the percentage who are regular attenders see themselves as religious persons.

Many are thought to want a spiritual dimension not tied to institutional religion. Is this a non-traditional quest for spirit? Ten years ago, in an attempt to collate several sources of data on church attendance (Webster and Perry, 1992), including consultation with several acknowledged experts on church attendance, we arrived at an optimistic figure of nearly 20% of New Zealanders attending fairly regularly. That’s over 80% not attending significantly. Recent discussion with the same experts suggests between 12% and 18%, so a round figure of 15% regularly attending might not be too generous. Only 10%-12% attend on any one normal Sunday.

What we are seeing, in the view of many, is not necessarily godlessness but possibly a groundswell of alternative thinking outside the church, as well as within. It is a transition from medieval ‘Christian’ worldviews, ie prescientific thought-forms, to a more knowledge-based perspective on truth-claims. With this goes a quest for less institutionally controlled expressions of spirituality. Such an updated spirituality often includes an integrative knowledge-base and an ecological spirituality.

The decline of traditional supernaturalistic Christian thought-forms, as reflected in the ebbing interest in institutional religion, is the negative side of what may well be a hunger for a more helpful spirituality that will quell the rising anxiety of people – an anxiety which is triggered by the uncontrollability and uncertainty of both inner and outer life. At its simplest, the God-idea among earlier humans was a response to fear and uncertainty. It is still highly evident. Many more than go to church profess to be religious. It would seem likely that modern people are of a mind to find an integrated world in preference to a world riven by divisions of supernaturalism and literalistic authoritarianism. Not to be overlooked, however, is the continuing interest in occult and spiritistic sources, indicating a fearful search for explanations and perhaps for a god who is part of life rather than the arbitrary and judgemental God of tradition.

The fact is that in New Zealand, according to our research, belief in the personal God of tradition is a minority position and also less popular than the emerging view that God is part of the life-force or spiritual dimension of all life. The fact that the latter does not necessarily lead to the committed church-going of traditional conservative religion might suggest that it reflects a determination to get the spirit dimension back but to avoid the stifling institution of tradition.

But obviously not all are averse to the traditional hierarchical guilt-focussed form of Christianity.Those who cling most to the primitive beliefs in hell and the devil are more likely to be of working class and lower classes. It follows that these guilt-provoking beliefs are much more prevalent in poor countries. The poor, both here and in poor countries, are clearly more vulnerable to all sorts of external and internal sources of threat and accordingly more susceptible to the sorts of preachments that play upon those fears. The outcome is not less but more survival anxiety in society as the fear and control component is played up. The sort of inquiry discussed in this paper is not often found among the more fundamental Christian groups.

The question of relevance arises. Two extreme church responses are expressed: the traditionalist and the radical. Evangelicalism is always ready to spell out its position; liberalism less so. Faced by these extremes, Methodism has often looked for compromise. It is the position of this brief paper that the differences within Methodism are now so pronounced that the strategy of compromise will no longer have the ability to identify the reality. The typical compromise tactic neutralises the energy of necessary conflict.

What is needed is the courage to step out on a new path. Methodism has made a profound contribution on the basis of the radicalism of John Wesley. That radicalism has long since been a tradition. If the world is to be our parish, it must be recognised that our world is as different from his as was his from that of the reformers. Were John Wesley alive today, I believe he would be right into the new physics, a naturalistic, brain-based spirituality, God in the neurons, the ecological movement, a thorough relativism of thought, a politics and economics based on the god of panentheism, a diligent use of psychological knowledge, an informed grasp of human development, and a grasp of worldviews that imparts cultural understanding. And much more from the arts.

A solution to today’s impasse between conservatism and liberalism would be not compromise but a new radicalism. I believe Wesley would welcome the spirituality of the non-churched as unhesitatingly as he responded to the hunger of those in his day who in different ways were alienated from the top-down benefits of religion. If the world is to be our parish, it must be recognised that it is a very different world from that of Wesley’s day.

As distinct from Wesley’s view, however, we are not in a position of privileged possession of an unchanging Gospel, the unquestioned effectiveness of which has only to be realised by deeper faith and fervour. To proclaim that Gospel was an altogether easier mission than that which we face today. The world has "come of age" to use Bonhoeffer’s memorable phrase, and rightly demands that the church come out of its false hiding place where it cultivates illusory claims to God’s favour, to priestly powers and to a contemporary knowledge. No modern thinker I know will allow the church, or any group, a privileged ride to authority. The call is for a due radicalism, able to match the enormous knowledge-explosion out there.The work of God has broken the boundaries of the church. Neither spirituality nor skill in human self-realization are the special property of the church.

The call today is not to claim a competing and ‘other’ knowledge-base, nor an otherworldly means, but to attain to an authentic spirituality that exists in the midst of life and consists in the way knowledge, values and a sense of the sacred are brought to bear upon the world. Such a spirituality is not another reality but is a dimension that cuts across all of experience.

The resultant spirituality comes from a distinctive vision of the world. It consists in the often-invisible work of helping the world to choose well among the critical options upon which vast possibilities of life and love hinge. The internal life of this church would consist largely of forging these understandings, personalising them and universalising them, then celebrating the progress made.

A limitless field for a new, holistic spirituality

Spirit is realised in the active process of enhancing the life of the world. Seen in this way, the ground in which the church may work is limitless. The call to go into all the world is a radical redefinition of the locus of the work of God. That pervasive reality is not defined as separate from the world; therefore to engage in the world in a spirit that expresses God in Jesus is to count everything as spirit-process. This means staking the claim of the new people of God to have something distinctive to offer right in the midst of worldly knowledge and skill, meeting the world’s real criteria and not claiming to occupy some privileged domain.The territory for spiritual life in this integrative sense is that of the enormously expanded intellectual and emotional worlds of human development, the discovery of the oneness of humanity and its religions, and the emergence of major new paradigms of humankind’s evolutionary development and our capacity to make creative leaps into new worldviews.

There is increasing new evidence of continuing evolution at the cultural level where, as a result of the interaction of seemingly discrete worldviews, transitions occur out of which new and more enlightened cultures and worldviews emerge. It is there, in the transitions that express a creative spirit, that the church is able to be present, not to advance competing knowledge or truth-claims from another world, but to help develop a more complete humanity and world organicity.

In brief, the church could affirm as its calling the often-invisible work of simply being part of a world that gains spirit by choosing well and acting well among critical options. Politics as much as poetry.

A Crisis Lies at the Root of the Call for a New Vision, for Methodism and for like churches.

The crisis in which Methodism finds itself stems from the habitual attempt to find a compromise between incompatible worldviews – essentially the pre- and post-enlightenment views. To seek to resolve these by compromise is to deny the very conflict that sparks energy and creativity. That conflict consists in the struggle between two competing pressures, the one for a spirituality and a theology for the times; the other an ecclesiastical praxis designed to preserve the institution. The first threatens division while the second seeks compromise for peace’ sake.

The spiritual pressure has expressed itself in a further conflict, that between a dogmatic-objectivist belief mode and a relativist-subjectivist thought-system which increasingly aligns itself with an holistic-ecological consciousness. In lay terms, it’s the idea that all is simple, clear and concrete, versus the view that truth is molded out of experience and has to be pragmatically chosen. The first demands conformity to a preordained plan; the second invites the risk of unknowing in a world always becoming.

Conformity in the objective mode is designed to ward off threat, but in fact it doesn’t, because the very God who plans in advance has no room for human error; the second only appears risky, because its processes, while never foreclosed, occur in concert with total life and love.

The two views are ultimately incompatible. The traditional view has the advantage of both familiarity and simplicity. It has a debt to absolute truth and unchanging worldviews. It’s like an insurance policy, calling for no personal involvement after the contract is signed. Like an insurance policy, it’s designed for the dying. The newer view is spiritual rather than concrete, as it calls for personal transformation at all points. It is designed for the living. It is the option that looks to the emerging world. It aligns itself with a life-world consciousness.

The objectivist mode assumes a separate spirit-dimension that exists prior to the individual, has priority over our individual understandings, and awaits appropriation by the individual. The stable theme of the theologies that fall within the objectivist rubric is that salvation is exclusively the work of God, who lives elsewhere but plans all things and is himself impervious to blame when the plan fails – as it almost invariably does. This thought-system is inherently authoritarian and exclusive, but entirely self-justifying despite its miserable rescue rate.

The relativist-subjectivist-ecological form of spiritual existence is quite the opposite. It assumes that there is no perfect plan or absolute out there to which our minds must conform but that spirit is realised rather than appropriated.

These two thought-systems or worldviews exist side-by-side in the church. On the one side are those whose God is ‘wholly other’, whose existence is elsewhere and otherworldly. Adherents of this dualistic belief-system appear to hear but are always listening for messages from the other side and looking forward to solutions originating in another place and time. On the other are those for whom the promise is holistic and this-worldly and whose God is in the midst of life, not as a foreign influence, not as a separate being, but as part of the whole.

Because of the existence of these incompatible codes of thought, or rather levels of integral development, the potential where they co-exist is for conflicting priorities, messages, method and mission.Much good will is devoted to the endeavour to achieve the ecclesiastical purpose noted above. Meanwhile an increasingly confusing babble of language is contrived to support the illusion that we are really all about the same thing.Afraid to spell out what we believe or don’t believe, we seem to pretend an invisible communion of heart and spirit, hiding the knowledge that a communion in any real terms has long since ceased to exist.Like spectators with different rule-books watching what claims to be the same game, we actually see a different reality. The ultimate symbol of this pretended unity might be the typical church mission statement where a common meaning of the ‘Gospel' is assumed. This assumption is allowed to cover quite fundamentally different beliefs. Only when the reality of differences is owned and transcended in a true spiritual experience will the inherent vitality be realised.

The conflict has now given way to departure from any significant degree of commonality. Looking at the larger church, the divergencies in theology used to fall within a narrower range of variation. The ‘liberals’, much as they have been maligned and feared by conservatives, have been a mild lot. The Bultmanns, the Tillichs, the Robinsons and the Bonhoeffers of 20^th Century liberal theology as much as Barth overlapping them and Harnack before them, have actually been working in defence of orthodoxy. The rock of salvation was there to be debated.

Today, the underlying assumption of an orthodox foundation beneath our divergencies is barely sustainable. It is time, in other words, to spell out our vision and indeed our mission in terms that represent our honest beliefs.

Not only so, but given the fact, as noted above, that the relativist worldview is more compatible with both a trimmed-down theology and the extant movement of mind in the life-world around us, the stance of the two main Christian worldviews can be made quite distinct. To adopt a policy of defining spiritual mission in terms of personal reality is both reasonable and responsible. It is not ‘swimming with the tide’ but claiming the world as our parish, to realise spirit rather than to pose a world-rejecting pseudo-gospel. For to those of us who are radicals, the rejection of the world as the locus of salvation is to forsake Jesus’ Gospel. Better, we say, that the world be understood to be in flow. In this framework, vision is critical because intuition, language and subjective choice are the reality for all involved. No real separation exists between those sharing and those entering salvation. Relativity is the only option. To the radical, objectivity about ultimate truth and being is not an option as it contradicts the meaning of spirit.

Toward a Concept of Vision.

We live in one world, a single universe. There are no different rules anywhere than those we encounter in our little system.This has two consequences for any modern religious vision:

1. Religion has no place to go outside of known reality
2. Religion is part of all other knowledge.

Mission and vision are therefore inextricably linked to the life-world and to the relativity of knowledge.

In this context, vision would seem to be composed of three things: content, method, and imagination.

Content for Vision

Religious knowledge has languished in a realm of inaccessibility. Religion and spirituality itself have been located outside of life as known in time and space. Rather than being seen as consistent with the evolutionary emergence of everything else, both macro- and micro-, religion and spirituality have been made THE GREAT EXCEPTION. While the world submitted itself to the free and critical inquiry of the Enlightenment, in which all empires not able to withstand honest test gradually crumbled, the church clung to a structure of knowledge which was impervious to such tests.

There have arisen as a result all the gibes of the modern, post-Enlightenment era. It is another example of the self-defeating strategy noted previously. Its result has been to make credal religion ridiculous in face of modern knowledge. The understandable reaction of the world of scientific thought has been to dismiss the arena of spirit as inferior to scientific rationality. Notwithstanding that the latter can answer none of the deeper questions.

A better answer is demanded. Rather than being in an inaccessible other world, the world of spirit is to be seen as part of the evolutionary emergence of all things and expresses its totality. Spirituality is not an alternative to the reality of the life-world but is a move toward a fuller humanity; it is the totality of sensible life, ie science, art, morals and ethics - not excluding politics. All of life is a gateway to spirit. Spirit is the gateway to all being and becoming.

Spirituality is not an escape from reality but is a move toward the fuller humanity intuited by poetic visionary scientists such as Teilhard de Chardin. Its content is the quantum formation of all sensible and self-conscious life upon the face of the earth, whether seen as art, science, morals or ethics.

In this view, all knowledge and all action would therefore be potentially spiritual and sacred. It also says that if we wish to see greater spirituality in the world, we do not look for it to be transported in from elsewhere, but we conceive it, bear it, labour with it, groan with its coming, give birth to it, and suckle its tender life. In other words, all of life, in its thought-forms and its sensate reality, is a gateway to spirit. And spirit is a dimension and consummation of all knowledge and all experience.

Method for Vision

It is in the use of experience and knowledge that spirituality is conveyed. The whole world of methodologies is thrown wide open to spiritual work. Spirit, attitude formation, values resolution, and action, are one total, holistic process. Spirituality as method is thus transformative; its effects are real; it is the process by which all things, all knowledge, all experience, are potentially holy. Spirituality so defined is the human mediation of potential meaning. To the spiritual intent, the methods of worldly knowledge become the processes of transformation into meaning.

When all knowledge in the world, whether called real or subjective, is of equal value, and it is in the use of the knowledge that spirituality is realised, the world of methodologies is thrown wide open. It becomes intuitively unlikely that one-way preaching will be the preferred method. Buber said that nothing is in itself unholy; nor is anything intrinsically holy in itself. There is only that which has not yet become holy. This would mean that the method of spirituality is transformative, so that anything, any knowledge, any experience, is potentially holy. The church, following Jesus, then becomes transformed from its shell to being a place where all human experience is represented, so that the universal truth of spiritual oneness can be realised.

In this sense, no boundaries may be placed around spirit. Spirit leaps from within the human communication of experience. The condition of that transformation appears to be that of acceptance of shared humanity. Spirit is best identified with shared consciousness.

Imagination for Vision

In accord with the above, the scope for imagination for a future Methodist Church has become limitless. So for any human group. The gates are unlocked. The utmost freedom from a priori constraints is now present.

The church has been the most conservative institution in society. Today, unless we are prepared to disappear from the screen, everything about vision and mission must be open for reconsideration. It might be assumed that a call for imagination is superfluous for modern people. But our research suggests that imagination is valued today for its commercial and political utility. It is often devalued in the very places where it ought to flourish, eg the family, the school, the tribe, the workplace and the church. Some sectors of society place greater value on imagination and independence. Those who do so are not easily persuaded that the church is an arena for the pursuit of imagination. Yet increasing use of creative imagination is to be seen outside of dogmatic, exclusive environments.

Clearly, the church cannot afford to be seen to lack imagination in a world where the marketplace and government itself are alert to creative process. Whole segments of the bureaucratic world now allocate major budget expenditure to visioning. In this context, visioning and spirit seem very closely allied.

For the church then, the field for creativity is limited only by our imagination. With little money, the chief asset is imagination, spirit or vision. In this sense, the gates are unlocked.The utmost freedom from a priori restraints is now present.

Conclusion

In the final analysis, nothing can save us from the responsibility of fashioning a vision. All I have tried to do is to show that the stable door is unbolted and the horses will not be coming back! Jesus opened that door and let the stale air out, and the church has been trying to shove him back behind the door ever since.

Wesley opened such a door and instead of revelling in the wide-open spaces he disclosed, we chose to confine ourselves to the little bit he saw in his time and place. Whereas the worldview of the quantum era demands that we be as far ahead of the times as Jesus and Wesley were.

In this context, I propose an alternative strategy for achieving a Methodist vision. Recognising the cleavage of worldviews, I propose that workshops be provided for those who want to explore a radical Methodism. Three claims are made:

• Credal Christianity conceals the spiritual, radical Jesus
• The church is hanging on to a credal corpus which generates unbelief and paralyses creative initiative
• Individuals must have freedom to imagine a church for this world

The call is to a new era of Life-World Spirituality in which the stuff of spirituality is engagement and action in the totality of life in the world. Jesus did not indulge in a separated, otherworldly spirituality. For him, mission was the action needed to fulfil a vision. God was found as people joined in what Jesus was doing. That vision was about where God is and what God is doing. That was not about an institution with a hierarchy of authority, but about the fulfilment of the promise inherent in this diverse creation.

There follows a set of summary overviews of the views of seven contemporary radical theologians. They are selected for their current importance and their cogency to a church in crisis amid a world in crisis.

These overviews will also help the reader judge the validity of the vision statement already made. That statement of a vision alternative was written before the reading of the seven radical theologians. I am glad to have been able in this way to conduct my own validity check on my vision statement.

I have sought to find whether there is an agreement among current radical theologians – with my views, yes, but more importantly, with each other. In the main, I have just summarised and freely commented on the most recent book, or chapter of a book, which represents each theologian’s view of the state and prospects of Christianity and/or the church. It’s been one of the more interesting and exciting tours of worldviews of those I have known in Education, Psychology and Human Development. It’s like doing future studies, but with God and the church rather than Marx and socialism as the villain.

Today’s theological turmoil reflects a world that has endured the Civil Rights Crisis, Vietnam, the Nuclear War nightmare, the horror of famine and genocide in Africa, the blaze of hope as freedom broke through in Germany, South Africa, and Ireland, yet all to assume new form as creation’s agony continues. It is in the context of new terrors and argument that one looks for answers as radical as the threats to peace and justice in the world. What does the church have to say for itself? To the world?

Marcus J. Borg (1995), Meeting Jesus AGAIN for the First Time. New York: Harper/Collins and Marcus Borg, "Seeing God Again: What’s at Stake?" In Marcus Borg and Ross Mackenzie, Eds, (2000) God at 2000, Harrisburg, PA: Morehouse.

Borg (1995), the ‘gentle radical’, presents one of the most appealing portraits of Jesus in modern literature. The soft style disguises the rigorous scholarship. He does his portrait without divinising Jesus. Indeed he plainly was impeded in early life by the divinity of the Christ of orthodoxy. But once he began to ask "How is it that when people were with Jesus they felt themselves to be in the transforming presence of God?" his scholarly imagination came to life. Jesus was not God but the God-presence became real in a relationship with Jesus.

Marcus Borg the Professor of New Testament distinguishes two images of Jesus: the fideistic image of the divine saviour and the moralistic image of the teacher. He rejects both these as sufficient bases for a modern picture of Jesus, on grounds that they are inaccurate as images of the historical Jesus and that they lead to incomplete images of the Christian life. His major claim is that the Christian life is "about a relationship with God that involves us in a journey of transformation." (1995, p3)

Borg’s interpretative leap is captured by an heuristic: the pre-Easter Jesus, the one the disciples knew, ie Jesus before his death; and the post-Easter Jesus, ie the Jesus of Christian experience and tradition. Jesus from Easter onward was experienced as still present. Thus he became the ‘Risen Lord’, a living Christ. Borg’s contribution to this familiar position is to say that Jesus moved ‘beyond belief’ to relationship. This continuity of presence they understood as ‘a relationship to the Spirit of God’. In it the follower found transformation.

In making the pre-Easter:post-Easter distinction Borg opens up the possibility of life-changing appreciation of the historical Jesus. He was able to see Jesus as spirit-person, teacher of wisdom, social prophet, and movement founder. Jesus as spirit-person moved the focus from believing in Jesus to "being in relationship with the same spirit that Jesus knew." This relationship is above all an experience of God as compassionate. Borg goes straight to the point, saying this defines politics as seen in Jesus. It placed Jesus in the midst of the world of everyday. He enacted the politics of compassion. The Christian life is therefore an embodiment of compassion.

The pre-Easter/post-Easter concept sheds brilliant light on the manner by which Jesus communicated. He subverted conventional wisdom, presenting for those able to hear, a new Kingdom, the rules of which are those of the compassionate spirit.The kingdom was declared as real and present and known by the nobodies of the world.

Jesus is, in Borg’s view, a thorough monotheist who knows the life of the Spirit and inspires transformation. But he denies that the use of expressions like "Son of God" and "Wisdom of God" denotes divinity, seeing these as metaphors by which people referred to the transformative effect of meeting Jesus in the post-Easter testimony. ( It is one thing to say Jesus reflected the way of God; it is quite another to say this makes him God. If that were so, there would be a million Christian Gods. AW)

Jesus and his followers were rooted in Judaism. Similarly, post-Easter people are supported by the story character of Scripture. That story is of Exodus from slavery; exile and return; and being restored to righteousness – the priestly story. To the traditional credal mind, the meaning of the priestly story is that of being accepted because God’s conditions were met by sacrifice. To Borg, the priestly story is an invitation to passivity and to a preoccupation with the afterlife. Yet used metaphorically the stories can restore the images of humanity and of God and thus provide hope for a new beginning.

Finally, Borg sees the gospel as an invitation to post-Easter people to be in the same relationship to Jesus as his pre-Easter followers were. Borg thus ends with what he calls a "transformative understanding of the Christian life" (p136). This means the life of companionship with God. To believe in Jesus ought not to mean literally to make him the object of worship – a fealty reserved for God. To believe in Jesus must mean to "give one’s heart to him". In short, the outcome is the transformed Christian life. The story is not that of believing in certain credal propositions about Jesus but facing one’s deepest self toward the God-presence Jesus knew.

Seing God Again: What’s at Stake? Essay in the book of which he is co-editor, God at 2000.

We look to another publication for what Borg thinks his thesis says about God. In the above title, he paints what Jesus saw as God. The acclaimed lectures from the Chautauqua (NY) Institute featured seven well-known religious thinkers of whom Borg was one. Karen Armstrong also spoke and a summary of her essay in the God at 2000 title is also included in the present extended essay.

Although the lead question for each lecturer was the same: "How I see God", I suggest that for Borg this might translate as "How did Jesus see God?" or "Who is the Christian God now?"

The essential prologue to Borg’s esay on God is that of the posr-modern era in which the modernist/Enlightenment ideal of certainty has been replaced by a recognition of uncertainty in which metaphor and a language of unknowing is more comfortable. Borg sums up what he has learned about God under six statements in which he compares "How I saw God the first time" with "Seeing God again – how I see God now". He first states that God is known in all of the enduring religious traditions of the world.

He cannot believe that the God of the universe should make only one religion the vehicle of knowledge of ‘him’. Religious pluralism is good for every tradition. For Christian exclusivists, this is a stark challenge. He agrees with Sally McFague’s image of the universe as God’s body.

Next, like most post-modern theologians, Borg sees God or the sacred as ineffable.

This refers to the sacred as ultimate mystery, beyond all language. It contrasts with the detailed ‘knowledge’ of God assumed by concretists as the essence of the Bible, taken as the very Word of God. A hidden or incomprehensible God is worshipped as mystery or that for which no sufficient language exists. God is that which cannot be contained by language or any tangible medium.

Thirdly, our concept of God matters. Borg contrasts two forms of theism: supernatural theism – the most common form of Christian theism; and interventionism - the idea that God breaks into the universe to do what he wills. The corresponding idea of prayer is that it comprises ways of getting God to want what you ask for. People who claim to be atheists usually, in Borg’s view, mean they don’t believe in the God of supernatural theism.

Borg puts forward an alternative to these theisms: a theism, if the term must be used, that he calls the encompassing spirit. It is known also as panentheism which means everything is in God and God in everything. (It does not mean pantheism, which means everything is God, or God is just ‘all that is’). It does mean that God is not conceived as having an existence apart from the universe itself. Such a concept conveys both transcendence or the "beyondness", the utter "otherness", of God; but also immanence, God’s near presence, God right here.

Borg finds the panentheistic concept intellectually much more satisfying; more truly biblical; and experientially valid, for the self and across religions.

The fourth statement is that how we image God matters. Images are more concrete than concepts.

In this context, he refers to the metaphors of God, as king, judge, shepherd, father, mother, lover, potter warrior. They paint a picture in words.

Images or metaphors create mental pictures of the character of God. Borg mainly contrasts the traditional monarchical model who makes requirements and sets up in-group and outgroup distinctions, demands vengeance and ultimately forces us to focus upon our own safety and salvation; and the alternative model, that of the divine lover – an image he sees as deeply biblical.This image makes it essential to interpret God, whether in the biblical account or in wider life, as being lover, liberator and compassionate life-giver.

A brief but important statement: God is real.

Whilst the God of supernatural theism is unreal, ie it provokes doubt, simply because such a God is unnecessary, this cannot be argued if the realness of God is that of total Being. God is all Being. If God is part of all that is, this is not a proposition that can be argued against, since if the term God were not employed, some other term would be needed to express that integral totality: Being itself. If the concept is capable of being argued against, it is not God. To say God is is not a logical conclusion that invites argument. To say God is real is not to propose another being out there. It is rather an amazed realisation. In Borg’s view, to say "God is real" is to contemplate all that is as one totality that evokes awe, thanksgiving and praise. To know God, in Borg’s sense, would be no different from knowing the amazing, nourishing whirl of matter, time and energy and feeling in its entirety as ‘parent’.

He has learned that life with God, whether in its Christian form or some other form, is not very much about believing in God but about living in relationship with God.

Far from believing specific teachings despite their doubtful probability, the criterion of being Christian lies in "our relationship with the mystery". So adherence to a Christian tradition is not the point, but a relationship with God is, by definition, the ultimate state of personal spirituality.

John Dominic Crossan and Jonathan L. Reid (2001), Excavating Jesus: Beneath the stones, behind the texts. San Francisco: Harper

The most radical question in a search for the ‘reality’ on which Christianity may be based is "What data do we have to support the Gospel story and how do these data impact on its meaning?"

The question sits at the meeting place of science and theology. Theology Professors Crossan and Reid undertake contextualization of Jesus by archaeological methods and document analysis.

In their 2001 book, Crossan and Reid dig archaeologically for Jesus "amidst the stones to reconstruct his life" and "exegetically amidst the texts to reconstruct his life" (2001, p1).They acknowledge in doing this work that interpretation is necessary for both stones and texts.

Nevertheless, they record the top ten archaeological discoveries and the top ten exegetical discoveries relevant to the book’s mission of "excavating Jesus". Here are the bare details.

The archaeological discoveries:

1. The Caiaphas Ossuary - a box for the bones of the deceased – found in a tomb in 1990, wit the name of Caiaphas on it, indicating that the tomb belonged to the family of the high priest whose role in Jesus’ execution is mentioned in Mattew 26 and John 18.
2. The Pilate Inscription. Found in 1962, Caesarea Maratima, centre of Roman power on the east shore of the Mediterranean, the find was an inscription of the name of Pontius Pilate. It confirmed that this man was Prefect of the district whose centre was Tiberias. A prominent New Testament figure is thus physically confirmed.
3. The Apostle Peter’s House. This house was identified as that of Simon Peter by excavators. First a house-church was built on the original house in the 4^th century, then an octagon church in the 5^th century. Its ruins were found in 1908 and as late as 1968 to 1985 were worked by Franciscan archaeologists. Thus the house of the apostle Peter, prominent in the Gospel, was confirmed.
4. The Galilee Boat. In the mid-1980s, as a result of a severe drought with dramatic lowering of the water level of the Sea of Galilee, a 26 by 8 foot wooden boat was found in the mud, exposed only briefly. By examination of pots and lamps within the boat and by carbon-14 dating, the boat was shown to be of the time of Jesus, of the type used for fishing or crossing the lake. As Crossan and Reid note (p3), "It could certainly hold thirteen people".
5. The Crucified Man. In a 1^st century rock grave north-east of Jerusalem, a ossuary was found containing the bones of two men and a young child. One of the men had been nailed to a cross with a four and a half inch nail through his right heel bone. He was tied to the cross by his arms. They had not broken his legs. His name was found: Yehochanan, the Crucified Man.
6. Caesarea Maritama and Jerusalem. The great monuments of the day, built by King Herod, were the temple in honour of Caesar at the great port, and the Temple Mount, Herod’s beautiful expansion of the Jewish Temple.These magnificent structures have been excavated ror ovr 20 years, confirming the grandeur amidst which gospel events took place.
7. Sepphoris and Tiberias. Herod Antipas, who ruled over Galilee and Perea rather than the whole Jewish homeland, built the cities of Sepphoris and Tiberias. While Tiberias cannot be extensively excavated as it is today a bustling seaside resort, Sepphoris is uninhabited. Several decades of research have disclosed "a Roman-style theater, a massive underground aqueduct, and the Dionysian mosaic."(p4)The authors sugest that Herod Antipas imposed both Greco-Roman architecture and a Kingdom across Galilee. They further point out that semi-pagan Sepphoris was only 4 miles from Nazareth, where Jesus grew up.
8. Masada and Qumran. Masada was a cliff-top fortress-palace built on the Western shore of the Dead Sea. It was the site of a violent Jewish resistance to Roman rule four years after the destruction of the temple in 70AD. Excavation in the 1950s and 1960s concurred with the account of the uprising by Josephus the Jewish historian. (Other literature confirms the extent of the increasing Jewish rebellion. At its height, when the Emperorm Hadrian decided to personally lead the final destruction of the Jewish nation, up to one fifth of the whole armies of the Roman Empire were committed to the terrible war to the end, in which there were possibly 450,000 Jewish fighters engaged in guerilla warfare against Rome. No other occupied province provided anything like the passionate resistance of this people with their insistence on one God.)

   In the same area, resistance took the form of a monastic community at Khirbet Qumran, based on non-violence, withdrawal, study and purity. Thus two major sites of Jewish resistance within the period of writing of the gospels are discovered.

9. Jodefat and Gamla. A further site of Jewish life at the time of Jesus was discovered by Israeli architects in recent times. These two villages to the east of Golan Heights were destroyed in 67AD by the Romans. The discovery concurs with the description of Josephus. But their simple defences and the artefacts of daily life recently revealed provide valuable evidence of the life of the Jewish people of the time.
10. Stone Vessels and Ritual Pools. Evidence for Jewish ritual practices and the religious life well known to but not discussed in detail by the gospel writers, has been found in the form of stone vessels and ritual baths chiselled out of rock. Found both in Galilee and around Jerusalem and Judea, these signal the geographical extent of Jewishness and purification practices.

The importance of these ten items, as Crossan and Reid argue, lies not just in themselves but in what lay nearby, in their comparison with other artefacts, in their dating and in their total context.

The Exegetical Discoveries:

A very different world, as the two authors explain, is entered with the top ten exegetical discoveries. They record the "sobering thought" that despite the enormous enterprise involved in Jewish and Christian libraries containing the first two items in their list, it was Bedouin shepherds and Egyptian peasants who discovered them. Their choice of the remaining eight items is based on their decisive influence upon "how one excavates the textual remains for the historical Jesus."Their "conclusions" are not "discoveries" so much as necessary explanations of the texts and their interrelations.

1. The Dead Sea Scrolls. Now relatively well known, these scrolls were discovered in eleven caves in the cliffs of Khirbet Qumran. They reveal the religious life of the Essene sect. They range from 200 BC to 70 AD. As Crossan and Reid say, they reveal a specific lifestyle in the Jewish homeland of the first century and are valuable both for Judaism and as background to Christianity.
2. The Nag Hammadi Codices. Forty-five texts in thirteen papyrus books or codices were found in 1945 at ancient Chenobaskian, now Nag Hammadi, some 370 miles south of Cairo. Their Greek originals go back centuries before they were transcribed into Coptic. Their diverse content emphasises Gnosticism and asceticism in a diverse complex of genres and theologies.
3. Mark, Matthew and Luke. This exegetical discovery concerns the well-known fact of the marked similarity of sequence and content of Matthew, Mark and Luke. The dominant explanation today, after more than 200 years of scholarly investigation, is that Mark came first and was independently copied by Matthew and Luke.
4. Q Gospel. Because Matthew and Luke were found to contain highly similar material not found in Mark, a further significant source was assumed. As the German word Quelle, or What?, as used to label the invisible document, its abbreviation Q was adopted in the scholarly community.
5. The Synoptics and John. There is no general agreement whether John’s gospel is dependent upon or independent of the three synoptic gospels. The issue is "crucially important", the authors state, and further ‘excavation’ is essential. They give the example of the passion story, asking " Are all versions dependent on Mark alone or do we have two independent sources in Mark and John?" (p9).
6. The Gospel of Thomas. This is a complete Coptic gospel found in about 1900 at ancient Oxyrhynchus (now Bahnosa)., some 120 miles to the south of Cairo. Its content is almost entirely aphorisms, parables, or short dialogues but scarcely any narrative. Equally important: there are no birth stories, miracle stories, passion narratives, nor resurrection stories.Dismissing otherworldly hopes, the Thomas gospel demands, as these writers say, "a return to the Edenic past through celibate asceticism. (p9). It is probably independent of the canonical gospels, but there is not universal agrement on this.
7. Common Sayings Tradition. Common data account for about one third of the Q gospel and the gospel of Thomas. From the fact that the order of these common contents diverges completely, and they do not display identical redactive detail, it is evident that they stem from a common tradition. At least 37 units of tradition, they say, are "adopted and adapted by both gospelsinto their own quite different theological frameworks." (p9).The conclusion is that there was an extensive oral tradition.
8. The Teaching (Didache). This is a body of community rule or church order. It is thus a detailing of the life of one early Christian –Jewish community. The period is approximately 50-100 AD. Because some of Jesus’ more extreme sayings appear, oth at the beginning of this document and in Q, the question of dependence vs other common source becomes very important.
9. The Gospel of Peter. This is the second century gospel found about 1887 south of Cairo. Amidst about 60 Greek verses of this codex were several very small papyrus fragments narating the trial, death, burial, resurrection and apparition, presumably of Jesus. This content is dependent on the canonical gospels. The major question concerns the larger text of which these are fragments. Is that account complete and independent and if so, what story does it tell?
10. Codices and Abbreviations. The earliest Christian literature was in codex (or book) format, whilst pagan and Jewish literature of the time almost invariably took scroll form. This suggests an inferior, workaday writer. The uniformity of this format and its general use in Egypt suggsts a centralised control of Christian writings. A similar rule applied to the usage for the four initial ‘divine words’ – Lord, God, Jesus, Christ – eventually to become fifteen. As Crossan and Reid say, these words were "regularly abbreviated and marked with a line across the top of the shortened forms. " (p10).

They see the question whether this practice held beyond Egypt as important, presumably for some sort of authentication purposes.

Preliminary Indications for Radical Thought.

There are important implications for radical theology in these excavations and their further ramifications. In discussing the archaeological fact of layering of rocks and documents and their evidence, some provocative observations emerge.

Two tendencies are revealed in the time-ordering and the dependence or independence of accounts and artifacts. One tendency is to decrease the Jewishness of Jesus. The other is to increase his social status. Thus, the later the work, the more Christian it tends to become. Also, the farther removed Jesus is from his first-century Galilean context, the more elite and regal he becomes (p14). He appears then as ‘leisurely philosopher’, as ‘literate interpreter of scrolls’ and as ‘erudite partner at banquets’. This trend appears particularly in John’s gospel.

Similarly, shrines and church architecture became increasingly ‘imperial and monumental’. The evidence addresses these dating and layering effects in great detail. The reader of this brief overview is pointed to the Crossan and Reid text for more on the layering of evidence, the dating and textual analysis of the conception of Jesus, the clash of kingdom types (type 1: communal; type 2: covenantal); Jewish resistance, the radicalization of the Golden Rule, the glory of the templ, the historicity of the trials of Jesus, the burying place of Jesus, the evidence of the resurrection claim, and finally what these authors call "Ground and Gospel".

In addressing ‘ground and gospel’, the authors invite the reader to engage in an act of ‘counterfactual imagination’. Supposing no Gospels, no church, no Tacitus, no Josephus, and no Knowledge of what Roman rule meant, they ask "What would we see? Their answer:

• a country with many artifacts pointing to a distinctive people
• evidence of Roman imperial domination
• after imposition of Roman civilization, with intense rebellion, a climactic destruction of everything

The under-layer of this gross characterization reveals:

• ethnically related purity codes, based on covenantal law
• both individual and social-structural expressions of a rule of justice from which sprang resistance, especially regarding land and debt
• a continuity from Jewish Torah to Jewish Jesus; the kingdom of God a direct challenge to the Kingdom of Rome
• a vision of the Kingdom of God that was a programme and a lifestyle
• an inseparability of religion and politics and politics and economics.

In that context, they observe, only religio- politics and politico-religion was possible. They conclude,

"Only the justice of the Kingdom of God could take on the power of the Kingdom of Rome." That kingdom, they point out, is not to be seen as extraordinarily cruel or exceptionally evil. It was the structure of normality. The Kingdom of Rome in its normality "cost Jesus his life". That conclusion alone would make Crossan and Reid a significant source for a radical vision.

Robert W. Funk (1996), Honest to Jesus. Rydalmere, NSW, Hodder and Stoughton.

Strip Jesus of the polite, middle-class get-up the church has played him in and what do you have? Robert Funk, Founder of the Jesus Seminar sets out in this unapologetic book to do some stripping. Or more properly, to help reveal a Jesus who has been hidden by the New Testament and by the whole credal domination of his story.

To describe Funk as a historical Jesus buff would be to do him an injustice. His chief concern is to examine how Jesus the social rebel and iconoclast, an eminently exciting person, became the sleep-inducing, non-human god-figure of the creeds, a cult figure and a super-nature.

This summary does not deal in detail with all of the chapters. It sketches the road Funk took and spells out his 21 theses from the epilogue, entitled "Jesus for a New Age". It is the epilogue of a breathtaking ride along the road from Nazareth to Nicea, with heritage notices all along the route.

It might be useful to note Funk’s list of six classes of readers for Honest to Jesus. They are, as he sees it:

1. Those who are bitter from an initial deception by parent, clergy, or the church. They are the "church alumni association" as John Spong terms them. "They once thought they were instructed in the truth, only to discover that their parents and the church misled them"(pp11-12). They are the "walking wounded" of the church who, if they are not too "embittered" may become "truth seekers, questers".
2. Those who have faithfully remained with the community of faith. Funk sees them as dissatisfied, looking for crumbs, aware that the church is fading out, but hoping for food.
3. Those who are innocent of the Christian tradition altogether. They have "often wondered what the Bible and religion were all about" but either did not have or did not take opportunity to find out.
4. Those who read only to confirm their own prior convictions. Victims of many sorts of tyranny, they have a trained reaction to any new thinking about the Bible or religion. They ‘know’.
5. Clergy and lay leaders. Funk sees a few of these to have been awaiting honesty about Jesus and faith.These have read with delight some of the people included in the present list. He speaks with sadness of those clergy and laypersons who have quit the church because honest truth was never made available or they were too slow to grasp it. He laments the ‘theological dry-rot, the institutional fungi’ that have acumulated. These are those whose attention span has shortened, whose reading time has withered, whose libraries are outdated, who do not read, who have no energy for expanding their intellectual horizons. (As a long-time observer of clergy, I have found repeatedly how guilty they often feel that they ’t seriously read and I suspect they might if they had some reason for doing so. The obstructions are systemic: their institutions and mentors do not awaken them to new possibilities, so they have no motive, or are afraid to be caught reading the wrong sort of books. AW)
6. Other professional scholars, especially other biblical scholars. His experience with them is a very mixed bag of pleasant surprises and lack of openness to a new point of view.

A field of possible questers for a radical theology may be suggested by Funk’s list of six classes of reader. A kind of evangelistic mission is implied, in which radical theology is simply a new package for an old need: truth about God and wholeness.

Now we turn to the road. The chief concern has been to examine how Jesus the social rebel and sage, driven by the imperative of the Kingdom of God, became the Divine Saviour and Sin-bearer, eternal King and Judge of all the earth. And how that has led to an unbearable bind for the Christian faith. In this respect, Funk’s fundamental assumption is like that of Borg and Crossan, namely that to get free of the smothering miasma wrapped around Jesus by centuries of church politics there must be a new honesty about what Jesus said, did and thought. Can it be assumed any longer that Jesus came as divine Son of God from the glory of eternity, that he was sent by God to fulfill an eternal plan to have him die in our place to pay the price for sin demanded by God and to defeat death by rising from the dead and returning to his place at God’s right hand?And that, being eternal from the beginning, he knew all that was to take place so that his death which would not in the long run be a real death, would nevertheless effect the required redemption? God looks the other way and pretends he’s not his son, yet accepts the sacrifice and lets us all get home free. In place of this incomprehensible metaphysics, the historical Jesus must be recovered.

Funk then, like the others, is on a no-holds-barred quest for truth. In his quest, he resolved to observe strictly a set of rules for the quest for the historical Jesus. So he spells out a straightforward set of rules for an honest search, then sets to work.

From Nazareth to Nicea is the path from iconoclast to icon. Funk sketches that movement in familiar terms of Peter’s ascendancy, Peter and Paul arguing about apostleship, and the gospel of Jesus as being a celebration of man’s equality under God.

Funk concludes that Jesus made none of the claims for himself that are inserted into the story, did not practice baptism, and did not initiate what we know as the Eucharist.

He observes that the Nicene Creed itself makes the astonishing omission of everything between the virgin birth and the passion and resurrection. Jesus, in other words, has been lifted out of history.

And Jesus played a passive role. Imagine that! The Lord of all creation was scripted into a wooden passivity under a predestined plan.

He could only do this because he was not really human. He only seemed to be human.

The outcome of this fairy tale is a childish passivity parading as mature belief. Funk illustrates this by what he calls the childhood package of popular piety in America today. It runs:

• There is a God in heaven
• God loves me
• Jesus is God’s son
• Jesus died for my sins
• God speaks to us through the Bible
• I must believe these teachings; if I don’t believe them, I won’t go to heaven.

From this childishness, the way back to the real Jesus cannot be easy.Funk lists seven barriers blocking the way back to Nazareth:

1. Ignorance
2. Popular images of Jesus
3. The gospels as inerrant and infallible
4. Monolithic literalism
5. Spirituality as self-indulgence
6. A self-serving church and clergy
7. The foibles of biblical scholarship (isolation, elitism, patronage-seeking, etc)

He lists the factors that have precipitated the renewed quest for the historical Jesus. They include:

• The influence of the historical method
• The collapse of credal and traditional theological formulations
• The new ecumenism of scholarship
• The end of the Christianised age
• The rediscovery of the parables
• The rediscovery of the Wisdom literature
• The discovery of new sources
• The collapse of the old symbolic universe
• The arrival of new or revised methodologies.These methodologies include not only languages but linguistics, and social sciences.

These factors and many others lead to a much greater ability than 100 years ago to recover reliable information about Jesus.

Further into the book, Funk delves into translation and text, the gospels and their sources, the rhetorical Jesus, humour and the contours of God’s domain, the parable, the kingdom, the death of Jesus, domesticating and marketing the Messiah, resurrection and return, and the divine child.

Out of all this, Funk derives an epilogue, "Jesus for a New Age," culminating in his 21 theses;

1. The aim of the quest is to set Jesus free
2. The renewed quest prompts us to revamp our understanding of the origins of the Christian life itself
3. The renewed quest also has serious ramifications for how we understand the Christian life
4. The renewed quest points to (Jesus as) a secular sage who may have more relevance to the spiritual dimensions of society at large than to institutionalized religion
5. We can no longer rest our faith on the faith of Peter or the faith of Paul. Such dependency and authoritarianism is no longer adequate
6. Jesus himslf is not the proper object of faith
7. In articulating the vision of Jesus, we should take care to express our interpretations in the sme register as he employed in his parables and aphorisms
8. Give Jesus a demotion
9. We need to cast Jesus in a new drama, assign him a role in a story with a different plot
10. We need to reconceive the vocation of Jesus as the Christ
11. Jesus kept an open table
12. Jesus made forgiveness reciprocal
13. Jesus condemned the public practice of piety
14. Jesus advocated an unbrokered relationship with God
15. Jesus robs his followers of Christian privilege
16. Jesus makes it clear that all rewards and punishments are intrinsic
17. We will have to abandon the doctrine of the blood atonement
18. We will need to interpret the reports of the resurrection for what they are: our glimpse of what Jesus glimpsed
19. Redeem sex and Mary, Jesus’ mother by restoring to Jesus a biological father, if not actual father.
20. Exorcise the apocalyptic elements elements from Christianity
21. Declare the New Testament a highly uneven and biased record of various attempts to invent Christianity

Each of these 21 conclusions is fully explained in the text and the reader is pointed to that. Our interest for purposes of this essay is to signal the congruity of the selected theologians’ writings by looking across them

Funk’s contribution is unique, as they all are. He combines scholarly knowledge, courage and imagination. The book is also an expose of the plots and barriers by which religious people block honest inqury. Funk models the kind of identification of key points needed in the quest to recover what credal religion has smothered and distorted in its interest in privilege.

Karen Armstrong, "The God of all faiths". In Marcus Borg and Ross Mackenzie (2000), Eds: God at 2000. Harrisburg, PA, Morehouse Publishing.

As will be recognised, the titles I have given to these reviews are my attempt to characterise in each case what the author is about. So my words "The recovery from radical theism" try to recapture Armstrong’s personal struggle – a struggle appears to have have a resonance for many today. It will be recognised that she did not know until well into adulthood just what to make of her unhappiness. Perhaps most poignant is her self-disclosure about the difficulty – if not impossibility even at this stage - of prayer as defined by Catholic practice. That kind of prayer discipline pushed her into a practical atheism from which a tentative solution was found which is really the theme of this chapter of hers. The key to it, I suggest, is that the credal formula for prayer had, for her, failed to bring her to any authentic knowledge of God beyond the occasional awareness of having most honestly carried through an admirable spiritual exercise. A recovery from the radical theism of tradition demanded an equally radical, even if temporary, solution.

The writer, lecturer, television broadcaster, columnist, former nun and author of many books, including the famous A History of God, states in her answer to the question "How I see God",

"I am not at the moment able to pray. I have such bad memories of all those years when I tried and failed. I feel exhausted and tired at the thought of speaking to God".

Armstrong found a path that she calls "The God of all faiths" and writes of "Ways of approaching the sacred," including theology as a necessity for thought, but remembering that theologians in all three great monotheisms, deny that God is a separate being, and above all, compassion. Like Holloway, and indeed in one way or another, all of the theologians discussed here, she sees the ‘solution’ as The Divine enshrined in every human being". This appears to mean not elevating our ego within a "ghetto of righteousness" but recognizing that the very strangeness of the stranger is the pointer to the way of God. Because only by "dethroning the ego and placing the the other in the center of our lives" do we shake of our complacency and begin to experience how we are with the sacred.

In her "slough of despond", Armstrong has lost community and liturgy, yet "is always seeking, always changing, always moving on". She asks, concerning prayer, if God "really needs reminding "that we are miserable sinners and that he created the world." She laments that "we have got into the habit of telling God things all the time".

In this Chautauqua Institute lecture, Karen Armstrong gifts us with her story, her reflection on God. God has been a problem to her from her school days. The God of supernatural theism, the term used by Borg, Spong, and others, as we have seen, was first cause, perfect, supreme and powerful but for this child of the church, remote and abstract. Her entry to a religious order of nuns was an honest and thorough attempt to get to know this aweful being and to give her whole life to him.

Her problems at that young age were the fore-runner of her many years of search. She asked whether science had dismissed the possibility of God, how a God all-powerful ans all-loving could allow atrocities like the Holocaust, and why a God of love should reveal himself to a tiny people, leaving the millions outside his plan. She suspected that "there might after all be nothing out there".When in desperation she tried Ignatius Loyola’s Spiritual Exercises as a method for prayer, she found only "a vacuum, an emptiness, a stultifying boredom" and that in such efforts she "couldn’t keep my mind on God for five minutes." When she did "experience some devotion", she realised that she had usually "engineered it" for herself.

She didn’t blame anybody . She writes "I was simply engaged in a spirituality that was wrong for me".

But it was a much deeper issue than simply finding spirituality a struggle. Her further reflection suggests that throughout, she almost fiercely demanded to know what it was that she had failed to know. She had to re-think God for herself. What or who was this being if indeed being is what it is?

She discovered that her approach was wrong., ie to discover God in a new way, she first had to approach the quest differently. The "logical, discursive reflection" by which she tackled secular studies had to give way to a "more intuitive, imaginative process, similar to that which opens up the truths of art" (p100). Rational analysis, she continues, though "indispensable for science, mathematics, or medicine" is of no help in appreciating a Beethoven last quartet.

Armstrong argues that this reliance upon reason alone has been a mainstay of both the theology and the spirituality of the West since the 16^th and 17^th century revolution in science. The resulting domination of truth by empirical reason was accompanied by a denigration of mythology and mysticism. This objectivism, as I have termed it in my vision statement, has been the source of current religious problems. She had to try to love this God. (The "God of propositional Christianity", as I came to call it when I came back under conservative, evangelical expositiory preaching after my American sojourn. AW). This relationship to God was so unsatisfactory to Armstrong that she left the religious life and in the low period that followed, found she "didn't know how to live". She gradually recovered, learned to make friends and as this happened, found her belief in God slip quietly away.

Taking up the writing of religious programmes for television, she found herself grappling with the more mystical approach to the divine found in Judaism, Islam, and Greek and Russian Orthodox Christianity.

This was a compelling challenge to the rationality that underlay the supernatural theism of the West.

Her main discovery, as already mentioned, was of the "eminent theologians and contemplatives" of all three monotheisms dismissing any talk of God as another being and indeed denying the language that says "God exists". God, she found, is not accessible by logical thought alone. God is discernable, if at all, by the intuitive disciplines of prayer, liturgy, contemplation and ethical practice".(p102)

The similarity of approach of the great religions to the Ultimate drove Armstrong to the concept of "the God of all faiths". From the different religious traditions, she says she has learned certain things:

1. Religion is natural to human beings.
   We seek ecstasy.
2. Religion is an art form.
   We are meaning-seeking animals.
3. There is a sacred dimension in human experience.
   When people apply themselves to the practice of religion, they experience "a sacred dimension of existence". This dimension is indescribable, ineffable, knowable ultimately through the "development of capacity for an experience of God". She goes further, saying that "the practices by which we obtain these aesthetic capacities demand creativity, ingenuity, discipline, skill, trial and sometimes error" (p105).
4. True religious experiences require abandonment of egotism and selfishness.
   This she finds in all the major traditions. So religion offers us a way of being human.
5. Theology becomes listening and attention.
   The old certainties of classical Western theism are no longer credible. Just as atheism historically has marked a new stage of transition, so today’s ‘unbelief’ marks a reaching for a new religious solution. She likens this ‘listening’, this ‘cloud of unknowing’, or ‘Dark night of the Soul’ that we experience while waiting for a new theology to emerge, to the experience of a poet who "may have to ‘listen’ for years while a poem rises gradually from the unconscious, line by line, phrase by phrase, image by image". (p107).

Compassion

Armstrong addresses a final, trembling question: Is there anything we can do while we are waiting?

She answers that along with theology as listening and attentiveness, her second way of approaching the reality of God is by the exercise of practical compassion.

For her, the practice of compassion is actually creative of a sense of God. She reminds us that the Buddha used to urge monks and layfolk

"to sit quietly and radiate feelings of benevolence, sympathy, and compassion to all four corners of the world"

By this means, the hard shell of selfishness that obstructs both our best selves and the experience of the Sacred is broken down. Others can then take the place of our ego on the throne.

She also finds that trying to live by the Golden Rule brings some of the release of the mind that the Buddha insisted upon. We are "in the place where God is" when we "learn to honour the Sacred in others and to give ourselves away".

In this sense, and as has been suggested in my initial vision statement, there is all that in the world which is not yet holy but which waits to become holy. It is already holy as part of the whole, but its Sacredness is realised by both our mindful reflection and by our action.We create the sense and the reality of the Sacred through the practice of compassion. This is particularly so when it is in the stranger that we respect and create the Sacred. Our religious tradition should, if Armstrong’s search has truth, lead us to honour the stranger and love her/him as ourselves. That is where God is experienced.

Finally then, God is real insofar as "we place the other in the centre of our lives".

Richard Holloway (2001), Doubts and Loves: What is Left of Christianity. Edinburgh: Canongate

Richard Holloway, retired Bishop and former leader of the Church of Scotland, sets out to find what is left of Christianity. He could be seen to be driven by three motives: pity, which he sees as the central ethic of a true Christian spirit; shame, which he confesses as he looks out at the dereliction of love and truth right within holy places and sacred conferences; and anger, as he considers the insulting impact of an exclusive spirit upon human, natural diversity.

But Holloway does more than lament the sins of the Church; he propounds in a gracious, scholarly and literate manner a Christianity built upon the very principles and ethic which, as they appeared in radical form in Jesus, represent the only hope of a credible Church.

He demythologises and rehabilitates over a dozen complex and inter-related matters of tradition that he considers to misrepresent and distort Christianity as claimed by the institutional church. (The headings are mine. AW)

1. The end of credal Christianity
   Holloway’s first thrust is the moral challenge to move from the fruitless argument over belief – to believe the old beliefs or not – to the primacy of action as the dynamic core of being Christian. As he states:

   "... it is more important to follow the way of Jesus than to believe or disbelieve the traditional Christian claims about him. (p18)

   From this proposition flow powerful disturbances in our "Christian" way of interpreting the world.

2. Worth of lives matters eternally
   Hell may be dismissed, but the idea of the significance and meaning of life and of lives now leaps into renewed prominence. Today’s critical minds accept that God must be seen differently from tradition. In particular, there is no longer a ‘God-compartment’ to the world

   The universe and our thinking about it are each wonderful and extraordinary; both are sacred. The proper posture therefore is that of humility and compassion as life and all things depend upon such a spirit.

   The effect of the exercise of orthodoxy in church and among nations has been to engender and to legitimise all the destructive powers of which the human mind is capable. The aim of the Christian – and indeed of Holloway’s book - is

   "to release the revolutionary power of pity into the world" (p32).

   It is that which we see in Jesus. Replacement of that original spirit by the power-myths of orthodoxy has brought hell into the world. It matters eternally that pity replace cruelty.

3. How we do theology is of critical importance
   Postures of correctness have surrounded the two main ways of doing theology: natural and revealed. Holloway points out that each of these methods of theology depends upon the assumption that its sources are real. Rather than contend for the superiority of the one over the other – and usually, orthodox theology has argued for the exclusive rightness of revealed truth, thus earning disrespect from those who give regard to the natural reality - Holloway prefers a complementarity of what he refers to as mental theology and imaginative theology. The reason behind this complementarity is that, whilst recognising mental construal of the reality of the world, this path of complete dependence on discursive logic fails to derive meaning and value. For that, we depend on our intuitive powers, the ‘knowledge’ that comes from our whole feeling, thinking and intentional mind. Our greatest insights, he argues, have their source in our own heart.

   The philosophical issue is - although Holloway chooses not to debate in terms of technical philosophy – whether there is a perfect world ‘out there’, prior to us, and which takes precedence over our thoughts. It is this belief, of course, which underlies the attribution of Plato’s utter perfection to God and to what we may claim to be the Word of God. In this sense, credalistic theology differs little from Plato’s idealism in its view of the world. It is static mysticism. The scientistic alternative is to say that all knowledge is defined by a reality which is discovered authoritatively by the scientific method.

   Holloway returns again and again to this issue, mostly in the context of the demythologization argument. There is "no fixed truth out there" he claims, recognising that this statement, or discovery, arouses extreme anxiety in many. He points out that, contrary to this fixed view of truth, science itself is, after all, a social process. Not only so, but in everyday life, we depend not on these fixed concepts but on pragmatism for our problem-solving.

   So far, so good. But we are Christian. Doesn’t that impose some restraints on what we can say and not say? Or do? Are there not "Christian absolutes?" For many today, the struggle is that of how to remain Christian and still retain moral and intellectual integrity. His answer seems to be that what Christianity offers, indeed comprises, is not a competing set of intellectual propositions but a radical ethic. This position allows, indeed demands, demythologization, as it sets the core ethic against the literalistic absolutes. It demands, in other words, that the absolutes bow to the infinitude of spirit. The alternative for many is literalism which he defines as "obsessive resistance to change". Cruelty is endemic to the mind of literalists, because any action demanded by this obsessive literalism, born as it is of anxiety, is not only justified but is necessary. Today’s world, sadly right within the great monotheisms, testifies to the perversity and cruelty of theologies founded on unmoving dogma.

4. Truth is not a fixed point of reference
   Holloway takes the well-known Structure of Scientific Revolutions, by Thomas Kuhn and applies it to the nature of knowledge itself, arguing that ‘truth’ is contingent upon who and where and what we are.There is no "absolute objective ‘truth’ about the universe out there waiting for us to happen upon" (p47). We use the points of view that work for us and replace these with better ones when they come along. So science is a fundamentally human and social process.

   The belief that truth has an "objective solidity" that commands our assent seems to be accompanied by an authoritarian posture. The alternative to idealist and realist fixity is, as noted, a pragmatic approach, in which ‘truth’depends on where you are in history. Holloway puts forward the more modest claim that truth is "a way of talking about attitudes that work for you"(p48). It is not a refusal to reach conclusions, but they are working conclusions – a faith that it’s OK to live in the unsettled state of provisional belief.

   At this point, again without making too much of a philosophical lecture of it, Holloway moves from "how do you know?" to "how should we live?" (For the purist, this is the move from epistemology to axiology, from knowing to valuing. AW ) Here, with his ‘radical ethic’ in mind, we see what makes Holloway’s argument potent for both Christianity and human living. The pragmatic approach, which is what we all use, does not discard the beliefs, but bows to practicality in observing them. (It is worth noting that studies of moral thought have shown that women more than men use this pragmatic, or relativistic, approach. It may be men’s predilection for absolutes and universals that make them more ready to exercise cruelty or oppression in the name of truth. AW)

   Again, it is the use of beliefs as "fixed points of reference", to use Kuhn’s terms, that enables men, for example, to insist on fixed roles of women, based upon ‘biological necessity’. A ‘paradigm shift’ occurs when the conditions of life, or movement in society, redefine women’s roles in terms of new realities such as improved health care of children and women, of the different requirements of education for both sexes for participation in society, and the modern knowledge about equality, of mental powers and of adult abilities. Thus a major myth was dismantled, though not completely, in advanced societies. Ramifications for women’s role in the church are still not resolved – an example, alongside the sexual preference debate, which is part of Holloway’s rage.

   Holloway goes on to show that statements depend upon the meaning of words and these are defined by the groups who may use them, eg the word "sinful" is defined by its use by a group. Others may not use it at all, because of unacceptable connotations. People used to assume that words have an exact correspondence to reality. Today, many people have difficulty with the words used in religious language. For example, if Christianity demands assent to certain beliefs or values, this blocks some people’s ability to relate to Christianity.

   To overcome the block caused to some by the mentalistic habit of religious language, Holloway uses his preferred, pragmatic view that "a belief is a habit of action" to give the following:

   holding Christian faith in a contemporary way commits us to a radical ethic, a habit of action, rather than to the holding of particular propositions in our heads.

   There is a developmental logic to this. Once you start on the ‘meaning for life’ thought-process, it leads to an estrangement from credalism and a reach for being and meaning that culminates in action. The alternative is what we might call ‘propositional theology’ or mentalistic theologizing. It becomes clear why Holloway states that "radical theism is close to atheism" (p56). It is because we easily fall into the trap of treating our symbols as equivalent to the thing symbolised. This is to "confuse the finite with the ultimate, the medium with the mystery it delicately bears"(ibid). This radical theism may become "a form of practical atheism" because to worship our fixed symbols, whether they be words or objects, is to lose the mystery of God.

   The critical need, he says, is to break open the old myth, to find the ultimate within it, to re-interpret the religious narratives, to reach constantly for the meaning and mystery of life. The alternative for Christianity is its customary fixation within its outworn paradigms and becoming a marginal sect.

5. The search for the collective human consciousness.
   If literalism is absurd it is because the human religious reality transcends words. At the root of the "great religious narratives", Holloway says, there is the collective human consciousness. It is that consciousness which gives rise to universal human-religious themes. He sketches several great themes from the Hebrew scriptures which could be used for "personal and social exploration." In particular, three complex and enduring human experiences surrounding the Exodus have this power: the captivity, the liberation, and the discovery of the promised land. These themes, he says, elicit the narratives of human experience, both individual and communal.

   In applying these to life, Holloway emphasizes the difficulty of these core struggles . There are no short-cuts to growth and freedom. At the level of the individual – a focus he does not apologize for – Holloway draws aptly upon the human learning process for explanation. By comparison with John Spong, as will be seen below, who uses the concept of hysteria to describe the contemporary predicament, Holloway thinks our imprisonment comes from a slow accumulation of habits. And it will be reversed by a similarly slow process. His use of the learning concept of motivational drives leads to his using Nietsche’s model of ways to combat "the vehemence of a drive." His point is the complexity of working on ourselves. He does not think we ought to be disappointed, in our efforts to redeem humanity, at the continuing obnoxiousness of the people of Israel once they got to the promised land. They had, he notes, taken themselves into the land. "We come into the promised land along with all our ideals and longings, and pretty soon we are up to our old tricks"(p78).

   Holloway’s urgency at this point is almost tangible: the sad history after entering the promised land he describes as "the failure of identification, the failure of the imagination of the heart." This is why the struggle is never over. The lack of dealing with ourselves is unending. Thus, in New Testament terms, we continue to be sinners in need of forgiveness and grace. That he sees as a "healthy realism." Christianity has unfortunately defined the problem as a diseased human nature, born guilty of original sin. By implication, by thus locating the problem in an historical Fall, we fail to understand that it is a human process, both in its origin and in its resolution. It seems to this reviewer that Holloway is saying that the problem is mis-defined: it is not some evil entity analogous to the HIV virus that infests us; it is a world of possibility in which the mystery that is God is known through our involvement in a radical ethic. Our struggle with that is read traditionally as evidence that some evil force rules the human heart.

6. Where did it all start?
   Holloway is profoundly concerned about the effect of the traditional Christian view of human nature and those church practices which reflect such views. Most significant is the concept of humanity having inherited guilt in the eyes of God and the necessity for this impediment to be removed in God’s sight by a priestly ritual performed over an infant.

   Whilst not denying the logic of punishment for sins in our lifetime, Holloway departs from accepted practice in denying that either the priestly ritual or the utterance of some words about Jesus credibly explains the nature of the human problem or its resolution. Salvation by holding certain ideas, what Holloway calls mentalism, is neither scriptural nor reasonable as a solution. It owes as much to pagan times as to scripture, Paul or Augustine.

   He notes, vis a vis the pronouncement that the baptized has been made an inheritor of the Kingdom of God, that human images and myths are full of former paradises and lost innocence. Christianity took over this obsession with human fall, folly and destructiveness. Similar myths of inherent destructiveness are deep in the psychology of early child development (though this writer would disagree that inborn neurosis a la Freud is adopted in all child psychology) and also in the gloomier images of human impact on the ecology. It is also deep in behaviour genetics, with the latest cocktail party psycho-babble being scare stories about our individual genetic make-up.

   These images clearly need some stark examination. Today, Holloway observes, language of a Fall is not necessary to the scientific narrative. The language is that of struggle and ascent. It is that struggle that calls for deeper understanding. There was never an Eden or a perfect human. This does not make the job easier. We are what we are and there is no magical escape hatch. We need, if we are to have some understanding of ourselves, to accept that we are shaped by external and internal circumstances and processes.

   The life-force which we share with all life has, in humans, become conscious. We can watch it all and think about it. Impulses are as much us as is our self-awareness and they fight each other. Human development has made sex and every other instinct complicated. There is violence and cruelty in us from our evolutionary programming. We are, Holloway says, "creatures who are in conflict with ourselves, moral animals, creatures in whom the life force has started observing itself." We also have an intentional approach to daily life. We search for a perfect state. Some of what evolution put into us, like male aggression, demands care in development and in the formation of cultural values. Our problem is not one historical event. It is an ongoing human reality.

7. What is our problem today?
   Given that except in some fundamental quarters, the threat of hellfire no longer dominates the pulpit,

   people still expect that a righteous God will exert justice and will vindicate the victims. But if we are beyond theism, where God could be called upon to strike for righteousness and intervene for his people, where do we find any sense of the nature of our malaise?

   Holloway puts his finger on the lack of self-awareness, especially in the male culture of the West. No longer deterred by the fear of hell, the male culture does not admit shame or guilt. The problem is actually that of liberal individualism: we are taught to think in terms of individual acts of evil, springing from "the free decision of the conscious personality." He cites Tillich’s argument that the liberal individual approach assumes the possibility of inducing the great majority of individuals to follow the demands of an integrated personal and social life by education, persuasion and adequate institutions.

   In other words, there is a naïve approach to the resolution of the social and global nature of evil. But it ought now to be entering the consciousness of modern people that there is grave risk of continuing human self-destruction if the impact of the wars, purges, ethnic crimes, and religiously based crimes are not seen as bigger than mere individual acts of free choice. The depths of our own psyches as analyzed by Freud, Adler and Jung ought to tell us that evil is deeper than immediate free choice. From Tillich he borrows the concept of the demonic, made up of the vast hidden content within our own nature that we call the unconscious, and the herd instinct, the collective dimension of humanity that can take over or possess our individuality" (pp104-105). He refers to "systems of evil" over which we have no control.

   In so saying, Holloway puts to rest the easy cavil of fundamentalism that ‘the liberal humanists are soft on sin’. He does not dismiss sin; he replaces naïve notions that individual sin and individual salvation are at the root of the problem, with the reality of human hatred of blame. The call of Moses, Jesus, and Marx together, he says, citing George Steiner, is to a law that stirs guilt and shame of a far greater depth that the isolated ‘sins’ we find it so easy to confess. The guilt easily turns, in his view, to hatred.

   We kill the conscience of history and create hell on earth.
   (p110, quoting Steiner)

8. Get out of jail free
   This is Holloway’s own title for a chapter on what he sees as one of the most fascinating doctrines in the Christian code – justification by faith. He treats this as a deeply psychological matter, drawing on the cases of Paul, Luther, and Paul Tillich. He unapologetically asserts that not only is theology a social process, but there are no purely theological factors. Theology, especially this highly individual crisis of justification by faith, is "really another aspect of psychology." (If I might interpolate again: in my own psychological studies, one of the most fascinating psychological case studies of human lifespan development was Erik Erikson’s Young Man Luther, in which powerful links were made between Luther’s upbringing in a father-dominant family followed by entry at a tender age to a highly traditional seminary and his passive-authoritarian adult personality. It seemed to follow that Luther’s own great passion became that of liberation, ie justification by faith. AW)

   Holloway delves into Luther’s own biographical account of his liberation, noting with John Osbourne that the climactic revelation "came to Luther in the privy" when his chronic constipation was relieved by "a massive evacution of Luther’s bowels."

   Noting that the genius of Buddhism is in its being a "Middle Way" between the extremes of worthless self-indulgence and an equally worthless life of self-torture, he distinguishes between Buddhism as a practice and Christianity as a set of doctrines to be believed. The trouble is, he says, that Christians see the doctrines themselves as "saving and life-changing." The tragedy is that whereas Saul of Tarsus had a "liberating psychological experience" it was later "hardened into a formula." That formula, legalistic and mechanistic as it was, "contradicted his original insight and the experience that prompted it." (p113)

   A fascinating analysis of the psychosocial core of the great faiths comes from Rabbi Lionel Bloom, who explained in an Edinburgh lecture in January 2000 (cited on p115 of Holloway) the different ways the people of the three great monotheistic religions go mad:

   In Judaism it tends to take the form of obsessive-compulsive neurosis; in Christianity it becomes sado-masochism; and in Islam it is megalomania.

   Viewing this as perceptive, Holloway points out that "there can be little doubt that the Christian obsession with guilt and punishment has been richly productive of sado-masochism in its adherents." (p115). He goes on to suggest that Paul’s original insight was that of a "mystical response to the crucifixion of Jesus" fed by relief at Jesus’ own critique of "a code-based religion." He cites Jesus’ teaching about the Sabbath law as "relativising all human systems," refusing to give them "any absolute right." This would be central to Paul’s thinking.

   Paul found release from the torment of his failure to reach perfection. Unfortunately, he expressed his discovery in terms which made the work of Jesus a vehicle of a metaphysical change in the order of things, effecting "mystically changed relations between God and humanity" It was this, and Paul’s use of the metaphors of satisfaction and redemption that led to the mechanistic view of the work of Jesus which hardened into a mentalistic formula. In Paul’s experience, however, it had been the much more human psychological experience of a link "between his own liberation from religious compulsions and the life and work of Jesus."

   Holloway shows that Luther and the 20^th Century theologian, Paul Tillich, similarly suffered religious guilt obsessions but whereas Luther developed a formulaic metaphysical theology, Tillich developed a theology of acceptance as the dynamic of forgiveness. In this highly personalised process, Tillich made room for the transition from self-hatred to self-love. The path through whatever we may have done has to be through unconditonal self-acceptance. This, Holloway says, is exactly the message of the "insanely loving father in the Parable of the Prodigal Son."

   The ‘moment of self-acceptance’ does not assume sudden perfection: the consequences of what we have done still follow in social terms, as does rehabilitation. From this moment of grace and justification, however, follows a change-process in which people come to live more at peace with themselves and with others.

   It follows that justification understood in this deeply psychological way has to be seen as a "universal human experience." Jesus he sees as liberating human systems from the tyranny to which they are always prone. The liberation called for now is that in which, having turned the death of Jesus into "a forensic act" that "achieved objective ends", the church must now return to the human reality. It must see that its way of defining the experience of liberation into an imprisoning formula has profoundly limited the effect of a universal truth. By making its formulaic acceptance a "prerequisite for the experience of free grace," the church has "turned the experience on its head".

   Holloway reserves one of his most vitriolic comments for his view of this ecclesiastical manipulation:

   "What was given freely is expropriated by religious monopolists and doled out to their adherents. It’s a confidence trick. Air cannot be privatised, nor can grace. And, in our hearts, we all know that."

   This conclusion reminds us of that of Robert Funk, noted earlier:

   Jesus advocated an unbrokered relationship to God. Jesus insisted that everyone has immediate and particular access to God. It is therefore not plausible that he would have commissioned certain disciples to broker that relationship in his vision of God’s domain….To put the matter candidly, the canonical Gospels endeavour to authenticate the leadership of the church then in power. The authentic words of Jesus reject the notion of privileged position among his followers : the first will be last and the last first; those who aspire to be leaders should become slaves of all.
   Robert W. Funk (1996) Honest to Jesus: Jesus for a New Millennium. Rydalmere, NSW,Aust., Hodder & Stoughton

9. How do religious beliefs work?
   We understand beliefs which have some logical evidence to support them. But religious beliefs? Where’s the evidence? What difference do they make?

   Many believe in miracles, but that won’t do in a modern environment. Despite the pride many have in professing to have had a ‘miracle’ happen to them, there is no virtue in having such beliefs. It doesn’t make them better people. The only test is the difference the belief makes. We can accept that the resurrection physically happened without it changing our lives.

   Despite the claims made for the resurrection as the founding event, the "Big Bang" of Christianity’s origin, more persuasive examples of transformative resurrections are not hard to find. Examples are aplenty from the anti-apartheid struggle in South Africa, or from the Civil Rights movement in the USA.

   The argument is that if we are people who grasp the possibility of lives, attitudes and societies being transformed then I can regard that belief as an action indicator.Such a belief in the resurrection requires commitment to the possibility of transformation.It happens as people join each other "in action to bring new life to human communities that are still held in the grip of death. (p141) In the world of Jesus’ time, people "regularly witnessed miracles, encountered ghosts, were infested by demons and knew of men who had been turned into wolves during the full moon" (p131)

   The point is, in Holloway, that there has always been a flux of ideas about the powers on which we depend in this world. It was the necessity to contact, placate and even control those powers that gave rise to religions.

   If Christianity is to retain a place in the discourse of modern knowledge, it must have a "credible way of accounting for the origin of the universe." The Big Bang hypothesized as the origin of the universe is an attempt to read back into observations something not able to be seen. The resurrection is just such an attempt to account for the transformation of the lives of the followers of Jesus. It was read back into the early Christian record. As an explanation of the transformation of Paul after the Damascus Road experience, the resurrection is, however, superfluous. As Holloway says, Paul’s blindness, following his vehement pursuit of the followers of Jesus, suggests that his attention "had already been arrested by the movement," and thus "the blindness was psychogenic, a somatic expression of the turmoil in his soul, as he refused to acknowledge, refused to see what his own heart was telling him…" (p137. Thus, supernatural agency is not necessary to explain Paul’s conversion. It was the change that was "the miracle that we call the resurrection".

   Gracious as always, Richard Holloway advises that the resurrection, whatever it is, cannot be threatened or damaged by what we make of it. There are, he explains, two resurrections: "The first is the originating event, the mythic resurrection, the big bang that ignited the Christian movement"; the second – the only one available to us- is the "effectual resurrection, which is the continuing impact of Jesus upon history". Like the Big Bang of our current creation theories, the resurrection is unknowable and unexaminable. It survives as mythic explanation of a mind-blowing transformation of ordinary human beings.

   Seen in this larger perspective, resurrection is "the refusal to be imprisoned any longer by history and its long hatreds." Its meaning is defined by whatever death it defies, be it a paralyzing personal circumstance or a deadening social evil. The evil is first combatted at the level of spirit, the logic of resurrection. To have meaning it must be more than just a belief; it must express the possibility, deep in the soul, that lives can be transformed, attitudes transformed and societies transformed.

   Holloway returns to his theme of belief as an ‘action indicator’. It is not a "purely mental event" but a commitment to a new possibility. The resurrection story must be the one that is available now, the effective resurrection, one which he says demands two things: (p141)

   Continuing to struggle with the intractability of my own nature; more importantly, joining with others in action to bring new life to human communities that are still held in the grip of death

10. The story behind the stories
    It will be obvious from the present review that literalism is not seen as a reasonable position to take in face of the complexity of language, structure and historical context of the bible and surrounding documents. That is a different question, however, from what to make of the scriptures if they don’t have ‘simple, obvious meaning’.

    Holloway uses the concept of midrash which he explains as the custom in religious traditions of creating "a literature of imaginative responses to their sacred writings"(p143) to open up elusive narratives. Much midrash is to be found in the New Testament. It accounts for a lot of theological development. Considerable evolution took place in the interpretation of Jesus from Mark to John. To some, the whole of John is midrash. Obviously there can have been no eyewitnesses of eternity, or of the spirit energizing the creation and eventually becoming human in Jesus. The long monologues cannot be seen as verbatim recordings. Midrash was a customary way of filling out an incomplete story. It did not matter that it was not factual; it had to make sense to a particular community.

    There is also the "backward development of Christology" – the gradual evolution of the understanding of their experience of Jesus so that it became the conviction that "what God was, Jesus was." The evangelists "read that mature understanding of Jesus back into the stories as they wrote about him."(p145) Thus we get in three narratives a "retrospective theology, not recorded history".

    Accordingly it is seen that the second chapter of Acts echoes and builds on Old Testament themes. The resurrection is described as the exodus of Jesus from the bondage of death. 50 days after the Exodus from Egypt, amidst thunder and lightning, God made the contract that formed Israel at Sinai, which Judaism traditionally regarded as having been carried on tongues to the people on the plains below. Thus 50 days after Easter "the Christian equivalent of the covenant on Mt Sinai," when the followers of Jesus were portrayed as having been made the beginning of the new people of God, sent to take the good news to the world. As Holloway concludes, "The important thing to understand …is that it is making a simple claim:since that first Christian Pentecost, it has been through the Church that the meaning and message of Jesus, who is the fulfilment of Judaism, has been carried into the world."(p152)

    The essential issue is that Christianity was separated from its roots in the life of Jesus and made to proclaim itself "as the fulfilment or replacement of Judaism". Holloway refers to this claim as effrontery, questions whether the idea of Christianity superseding Judaism has any point for us today, and observes that not only has this myth "poisoned relations between Judaism and the Church for centuries" but it has been the fertile soil of anti-semitism , with the Holocaust as its ‘orgiastic climax’ (my term.)

    Thus we see the power of the interpretative device known as midrash. The calamity is that the midrash becomes ‘real history’ in the minds of those who adopt it as their founding myth.The result of the stupendous claim that the scriptures record the coming of a Messiah out of Judaism to save the world has been a switch of emphasis "from following the way of Jesus to believing things about Jesus." Christians became known not as those who acted in certain ways, but those who believed certain highly exclusive things. Consequently, the battle is about Orthodoxy or Right belief. A cornerstone of orthodoxy is belief in the atonement, another piece of the territorial takeover from Judaism. The Right-belief sector insists on belief in the substitionary atonement, affirmed with pride by its flag-bearers as the literal meaning of scripture.Exclusive communities too come from this demand for literal truth.

    As Holloway argues, the sheer unlikeliness of the claims makes it sensible to switch our emphasis from Orthodoxy to Orthopraxis. This would entail three difficult elements:

    • A resolution to love, rather than condemn sinners
    • An active pity for the wretched of the earth that would work to change their lot
    • A mistrust of power and violence both personal and institutional and an active opposition to them

    It was as a result of this programme of Orthopraxis that Jesus was crucified.

    "Following it today won’t make us popular, but it would be a more creative response to the confusions of the human condition than the endless disputes over doctrine that have so disfigured Christian history.(p157)

11. Making space
    Holloway insists on making room for a gracious God. He sees church as meaning "plurality and inclusiveness". This is a straightforward sociological deduction: people want to belong to sects of the likeminded; a series of sects sprang from the early Jesus movement; the church is the grouping of those sects and thus unites as an organisation, but as such incorporates conflict. The sectarian mind is driven by fear – a motive going back to ancient sacrifice systems. The fear impulse, with its anxiety to be safe, transports the sacrificial mindset into the belief-system of the church. Placation, still very much in our language, appears in our whole tradition. But it is sectarian at root.

    The sectarian spirit has survived in Christianity because the social economy of biblical times was based on domination. The dominated class projected their hopes of vindication in the language of apocalyptic. Those comforted by apocalyptic saw themselves as specially elected for glory at the time of just retribution. Because ‘getting it right’ is vital to the elect, they feared being found in error, and lived in fear of being lost at the end time. Consequently, not only high anxiety but extreme cruelty and dismissiveness, what today we see as judgementalism, was and remains characteristic of the sectarian spirit.

    In response to the sectarian impulse, inclusivity is the church’s quest for truth. Jesus founded no church, did not appoint people with powers of inclusion or exclusion, did not establish a set of official teachings. Yet, as Cupitt (qv) points out, the church leadership set to work, once it became apparent that Jesus and his kingdom were not re-appearing soon, to set up an organization and belief system that could ensure their own continuity. And yet again, as Holloway so acutely explains, the very fact of institutional organization, especially in the event of the institution of Christendom under Constantine and through all the glorious centuries of its triumph, contradicted the very spirit by which Jesus stood on the side of the weak and oppressed. Inclusivity became exclusivity. It created outsiders, the worldless.

    It is this "worldlessness or identification with the powerless" that Holloway sees as "the key to the mystery of Jesus" (p169). Institutional power creates "expendable people, who may be sacrificed for the sake of the larger group." This is the way the world works, but Jesus refused to see the expendable as worthless, rather seeing them as "individuals with particular histories and uniqueness." The paradox is that "the expendable man of Nazareth is now represented by an institution that follows the logic of expedience", ie the individual is sacrificed to the continuance of the instituion, but that it is that institution that has made it possible for us to know about the paradox. So today, the paradox re-emerges:

    ...as the political and theological structures of Christendom crash down before our eyes, we can see once again, through the rubble and dust of the centuries, a clearer picture of the prophet of Nazareth.
    (p172)

    Toward a programme for action

    Holloway moves from the reveille for the Jesus of history to his distinctive programme of action: it is that of theological pragmatism rather than theological positivism. (Note the similarity to this writer’s distinction, above, between ‘objectivist’ and ‘subjectivist’ theologies. AW) As Holloway puts it, theological positivism is the claim that final and saving revelation of truth about the divine realm has been given to true believers. The main content of it for Christian tradition appears, in Holloway’s discussion, to be the incarnation. Arguing against those who would undertake to pressurise his mind with unknowable matters, Holloway takes recourse to Paul Tillich as he states that if you insist that the myth of the incarnation is literally true and cannot be ‘broken’, then you exclude him from its benefits, simply because in that form I cannot submit to it. The belief that "the salvation of the world depends upon hearing about this event and coming to acknowledge the divine status of the child born in such remote anomymity," if taken literally, is far-fetched and, in Holloway's’view, "morally arbitrary". (Holloway, p174) The latter because if God can pull off one such extraordinary miracle, why doesn’t he go right ahead and "alter the balance of power in the world," or intervene in "some more obvious way"?

    The nub of the argument is that literalism insists on an unbroken myth. Holloway is willing to let people have their belief in private, but when literalist proponents of the unbroken myth "say theirs is the only true way to hold it" and that the consequence of not holding it is to lose its saving power and to be damned, then Holloway resists.

    So he comes to his plea for "space in Christianity for another way of using the traditional language" (p176). A truly creative piece of biblical theologising appears in his own insight of "the hidden God and the unknown Christ." He draws attention to the large number of encounters with the unknown Christ – several resurrection stories where he was not recognised, but more movingly for this writer, the great parable of judgement in Matthew 25. Here, even greater than the surprise of the paid-up believers who found they were excluded was that of those who were accepted.

    His frank account of his own long slow conversion from a social radicalism while retaining conservative theology, to the liberating truth that belief is "a habit of action" personalises the plea for space for more flexible and fundamentally valid use of traditional ideas. This means being able to charge the incarnation with "a profound and daunting ethical meaning." In this renewed knowledge of what he once long ago "knew", he propounds his new myth of incarnation: "God is now to be found in the human, especially among the worldless, the disregarded ones, such as the Holy Family and the poor who welcomed them." The point is driven home:

    "To claim to believe in the incarnation is to commit ourselves to a radical commitment to the meaning of God, not in verbal propositions, but in human lives, their joys and sorrows."
    (pp178-179)

    That means walking in the footsteps of Jesus, not just talking about him.

    He ends this moving piece of personal biography (how rare to read a theologian who moves you!) by saying:

    "I know it’s a bit late (in life) to have made the discovery, but isn’t it time we dismantled all the calvaries our words have built for Christ and simply tried to follow him, preferably in silence?"

12. What’s Left of Christianity?
    Holloway’s concluding discussion should be predictable, but it has some real surprises. He ‘rewinds the past’ and finds forgiveness to be the truest radicalism. And he previews the future with a call for an ethical Kingdom and a celebration of life.

    Forgiveness as the truest radicalism

    Forgiveness is, in Holloway’s view, "the most distinctive of (Jesus’) teachings." (p216)

    He attaches forgiveness to the theological pragmatism he advocates, first making the intrinsic authority of Jesus a pragmatic reality: it is the basis of ‘connecting’. It is characterised by the making of forgiveness the effective reality of connectedness between people. At the deepest level, it depends upon remembering our own need for forgiveness as part of being called to forgive. This is the key to removal of the pains of our offences against one another and to transcending the "years of misery that deepen the original wound by the corrosions of bitterness and hatred" (p221) This has to include individual and inter-tribal and inter-nation trespasses. He believes the world is "dying for lack of forgiveness" but he is quick to point out that "we don’t want a forgiveness that cheapens the evil we do to one another,..that denies the claims of justice or ignores the pain of that endless procession of victims." As we know from Bonhoeffer, "cheap grace" compounds the offence.When we look at Northern Ireland, Israel, and today, Afghanistan, September 11, Bali, the Philippines, and what next? we see communities "imprisoned in the pains of their own histories." (p222)

    A significant part of forgiveness as Jesus embodied it lies in the ability to see the roots of human development. Holloway is clearly deeply aware of the way a childhood in a Palestinian refugee camp, a boyhood in the cruel streets of Belfast, a savage deprivation in a Philippine ghetto affects eventual adulthood. Enormous investment of love is needed to turn a Romanian ‘orphan’ into a reflecting, hopeful person. So, as he says, "We know how formative early childhood experience is in making us into what we later become, for better or worse." These factors are well spelled out in human development research. Other factors over which we have no control including "our animal past" combine to make ‘original sin’ a true myth, if not a cruel excuse for disregard, and to explain why forgiveness is necessary.

    While not dismissing free will, Holloway points out that we know that "other people’s choices have influenced and helped to form us, so our freedom is a qualified thing at best and some people have been dealt a hand that hardly offers them any choices at all."(p223-224) Our experience and accumulating case-evidence show that forgiveness can bring out a new desire for honesty and goodness in offenders. And Holloway argues that "only the wronged can preach forgiveness, only the crucified." (p228) He explores the astonishing acts of forgiveness we learn about and concludes that "forgiving and making promises are like control mechanisms built into the very faculty to start new and unending processses."

    His theological conclusion on this issue is that "the centrality of forgiveness in the teaching of Jesus, and the new beginning it constantly affords us is his most liberating gift to humanity."(p230). Those who would follow Jesus have to "learn to look at people differently, to practise imaginative compassion, to see the world as it might be and not simply as it is." After all, Jesus saw it that way round and from that came renewal that is still the hope of the world.

    The theologies of anxiety and of celebration
    Holloway portrays the Church’s false theological system as having brought about a profound departure from Jesus. The great need, he argues, if the Church is to be life-affirming rather than life-denying, is - quoting Grace Jantzen’s Becoming Divine - to develop "a new set of theological symbols." As against the denigration of life and our preoccupation with the after-life, we ought to emphasise living, love and our interconnection with the web of life, our kinship with the world. This is to conceive of a theology of life – a counter-tradition now gaining strength.An image of longing for life is offered.

    The image of Christ’s blood becoming a "blood-bargain with God" is an implicit condemnation of humanity. Under this system, the dominant feeling is that of anxiety and the corresponding theology one of anxiety. (Evidence of this is found in analyses this author has carried out on Values Study data, where there was a clear association of anxious attitudes with fearful beliefs such as in hell and the devil.AW) In that theology, God is seen as "judge and executioner". Equally harmfully, the Church is seen as what Holloway calls the "criminal investigation division" committed to destroy evil more than "to promote good."

    The concept of a theology of life has been called, in contrast with "original sin" language, the theology of "original blessing". In terms of Holloway’s radical ethic within a theology of pragmatism, this theology calls for action against what spoils life; to spirited action for the sacredness of creation; for a "politics of justice" that restores the creation to all of its children. In other words, "to build the Kingdom of God on earth as it is in heaven."

    In searching out a positive theology of life, Holloway urges three elements to be defining:

    First, we should pay attention to the earth and its creatures. In other words, become people of prayer and contemplation. To do this calls for what he calls "the rapturous attention of the poets". Poetry is "the gift of priestly attention".

    Second, there is the duty of repentance. We cannot escape the truth embedded in the theology of death. It is that we do terrible damage to each other and to the earth. The Holocaust, the Killing Fields, the famines of Africa, are the shocking memorials to our stewardship.

    Third, and necessarily, lest repentance be the final word, there is "the remaking of the earth." Holloway quotes John Dominic Crossan urging "the sapiential Kingdom," a Kingdom of the present, which is entered by human gifts and actions, which is a style of life for now, not hereafter. This is the ethical Kingdom, whose ethics could, in Crossan’s view and equally that of Holloway, "challenge contemporary morality to its depths". (quoted in Holloway, p249.

    So what is left of Christianity?
    Little that we can claim great credit for, but much that with imagination we can begin to do. It might be argued, though hopefully not too self-congratulatorily, that Methodists have had a sort of awareness of this shape of things for some time. It is like seeing again something we already knew. For me as reviewer/summariser, it reverberates with all that began my own theological reformation when I went back to intense theological and social science study in the 1960’s. In the midst of the social and political revolutions of the time, that theologising was tumultuous and life-changing. And yet it was part of and continuous with my own being. That’s why I agree with Holloway in referring to Don Cupitt’s concept of "contemplation" as ‘attention to the forthcoming of Be-ing’, which Cupitt suggested we could do by watching the movement of a cloud for ten minutes, or through the rapturous attention of the poets. An ethical kingdom must, it would seem, be peopled by folk whose being is as authentic as their action is pragmatic.

    I think we have a lot of cloud-watching and poetic contemplating to do if we are to advance the ethical Kingdom as those who know both the depths of pity and the heights of new aspiration.

    AW.

John Shelby Spong (2001), A New Christianity for a New World: Why Traditional Faith is Dying & How a New Faith is Being Born. SanFrancisco: Harper

In this proclamaton of a new Reformation, John Spong has followed a logical sequence: where we are with the Church, where we need to be, and how we’ll get there.

We’ll do it the other way around: start with the what and the how of a newly reformed Church and go back to the why. After all, when Spong started writing this book, he already knew where he would finish up. So it makes sense if we too first see the dream, or vision, or conclusion, or perhaps inevitability, that he proceeded to build up to.

Spong is, as always, sure that what he has written matters profoundly, not only to Christianity but to the world. Well, I guess we all feel that sometimes, about our visions. Never noted for modesty, John Spong feels that by defining God for the 3^rd Millennium he has shown how to overcome the pitfalls of the past and to blaze a path for a new humanity.

In this brave pursuit, he remains a deeply religious man: he maintains his career practice of two hours prayer each morning – though he prefers now to call it his preparation, in which he reflects on everything, down to his own being, and what this day has in store. The prayer is what follows in his engagement with the world, a concept he shares with Richard Holloway (above). Prayer separated from action belongs, in his and Holloway’s view, to the era of a theistic God who sits outside and either of his own volition or in response to heartfelt cries, comes in to change things.By contrast, for Spong, God is part of the living, loving and being that make up ‘active praying’. Without that holism, God is dead.

It matters, in Spong’s view, because the Church must, if it is to survive, become a relevant, inclusive, pluralistic, forgiving body, corporate in its action-focus and effectively bringing into the real world the realm of God which is living, loving and being.

Spong and Holloway agree in their final analysis: Spong says "Christianity becomes not something to be believed but a faith which we must live, a vision that stands before us, inviting us to enter." (p244)

His favourite term, almost his mantra, is "the Ground of Being." The expression comes from Paul Tillich, whose existential theology, while having swept liberal theology in mid-20^th Century, remains highly pertinent to a quest for an inclusive religious world-view. For myself, I cannot help recalling that John Spong and myself were both studying such theology in the mid-sixties, in New York State, he in New York City, myself in Rochester, NY. Tillich was a profound influence at that time. No-one could address the themes of authentic personhood in Christian consciousness at the time without coming to terms with Tillich and with such powerful terms as that of faith as "ultimate concern" and human self-consciousness as the recognition of finitude.

I myself took the radical path at that time and have ever since had much the same vision as Spong has now written up. Why have he and Holloway taken 30-40 years to spell out their liberation? It may be that there is something about the Anglican context that slows the revolutionary impulse. Perhaps the Anglican communion is too accommodating. Certainly in empirical research on clergy attitudes in New Zealand back in the late 60s, we found that the Anglicans had borders of compatibility with more denominations than any other group. My own background, as a free-spirited Baptist may explain why I reached a radical conclusion without waiting 30 years to announce it to the world! It may also have been that my moving straight into 30 years of academic teaching in social science, made the step into a complete, self-consistent habit of one reality and consequential thinking or rational causality more natural. So Geering in the late 60s, Spong, Holloway, Cupitt et al were no surprise to me. Indeed, I wondered why people were so disturbed. This was, of course, the ‘death of God’ era. These writers have now shown that it was indeed the death of theism. They have announced it more effectively than some of us were able to do.

All of this says much to the processes of power and the mythologies of salvation which make up the structure of sacramental liturgy.It cannot escape notice that both Spong and Holloway had to be shocked out of their Anglican habit by the homophobia, the cultured cruelty, the literalism, the anti-world emotions, the other-worldliness, the sexism and the racism of their priestly colleagues. Their struggle before (metaphorically) dropping their vestments was simple slowness in reaching obvious conclusions. A possible benefit of having been brought up to have no automatic respect for the clergy of the mainsteam churches – nor indeed for the people – was that I was not at all shocked by radical critique, especially of sacramentalism. It was confirmatory of what I had been taught as a young Baptist. But I am prepared to concede that some of the most theistic habits of mind exscoriated by Spong and Holloway are especially pertinent to the thorough-going conservative evangelicals of today’s defensive reaction. We were taught to be radical, but it was a radical theism.

John Spong is still able to claim Jesus as ‘Son of God and Lord.’ Still a Bishop! Still a Christian! But determined to show that it is nothing to do with supernaturalism.

Spong sets out to show the escape route from "the pseudo-security that traditional Christianity has pretended to provide." (pxxi) We are made immature, he believes, by the God who rescues us. He wants to realize another vision – which also we shared in Divinity School at that time – that of Bonhoeffer’s time of the ‘coming of age of humanity’. Our professor of theology was William Hamilton, a major ‘Death of God ‘ writer, who also taught an in-depth course on Bonhoeffer with special concentration on the culture that can harbour Nazism, anti-semitism and a self-assured traditional church. Hamilton was au fait with Tillich, still teaching at Harvard at the time, but was fairly cool, as I recall, to some of the easy adoption in pastoral theology studies of the American version of European existential psychology. Hamilton himself had done his PhD at Edinburgh – an act of independence – and Holloway’s stamping ground.

The concept of a brave new world at the time of Spong’s writing of this book might suffer some heavy weather in 2002 under terrorism. But his book is an invitation to listen, to explore and to see whether a new road lies ahead. It must be noted that Spong does not put forward any superficial note of optimism. He contrasts the false comfort offered by the theistic Church with a deeprooted anxiety, emerging as hysteria. Of which more below.

Spong’s vision of the ecclesia completes this brief introduction. The ecclesia of tomorrow will free itself from the domination by theism, the ‘external other’ of traditional liturgy.

Also, the sense of universal evil and of passivity before arbitrary power will be transcended in a human process of gradual change.

Worship in a post-theistic future will be that of those who feel ‘called out’ from their limits, prejudices and self-centeredness into a celebration of who they are, of their human-ness and their ability to be the agents of life – a significant reversal of the client-parishioner role.

The ecclesia at worship will recollect and rehearse our sacred stories – stories that go beyond the standard Abraham, Moses, Promised Land, Calvary, the Church sequence. The new liturgy will celebrate the long journey of humanity from its single-cell origins to "our modern, fearful, human self-consciousness."(p207) It will honour our gift of self-consciousness. We will worship as those who are committed to putting our tribalisms and our ecological destructiveness behind us.

• We will observe and symbolise all the transitions of life.
• We will rehearse all divinity in life as we now do that of Christ.
• We will worship "to hold before the world the eternal meaning that we have found in the special life of Jesus."(p211)
• We will celebrate together our moving beyond the self-centred mentality of survival, our becoming channels, as Jesus did, for that which is divine, "that love which expands life and consciousness and being."
• We will exhibit a renewed dedication to the search for truth.
• We will be a centre for caring.
• The Christians of the future will be united "not by their explanations, but by their experiences, which are finally all that we have of the divine." (p216)

Clearing the Ground
Spong sweeps away the tradition of supernaturalism – either of God or of Jesus.

God is not a being, therefore Jesus cannot be the earthly incarnation. Accordingly, Jesus did not have supernatural powers to still storms, walk on water, make 5 loaves feed 5000..

• He did not literally raise the dead, overcome paralysis, restore sight or hearing.
• He did not enter this world by a virgin birth, celebrated by stars and angels
• He was not physically resuscitated on the third day and then return to God

Nor, Spong goes on, did Jesus found a church. Humans are not born in sin from which they must be redeemed by a blood sacrifice. Likewise, condemnation of natural preferences, whether sexual or other, along with denigration by skin-colour or gender, and indeed the whole myth that the Bible is exclusive and literally the Word of God – none of these can be held by grown-up people possessed of modern knowledge.

Spong devotes much thought to the powerful prejudices expressed in ant-homosexuality and anti-abortion, and indeed the entire right-wing moral majority enterprise. He puts his finger on theism as the source of the related cruelty and bigotry.In the final analysis, his is the brave task of stripping away – single-handedly it would seem – "every attempt to literalize the interpretive myths and explanatory legends of the past"" (p19)

Why is Theism Dying?

With the Death of God theologians, it was not a matter of ‘putting God to death’ – obviously an oxymoron. It was a recognition that the traditional construct of a traditional, living God, active and explanatory in all that occurred in people’s lives and their world had ceased to exist. What remained was a culture from which that God had departed.

So for Spong, the same theistic God, defined as "a being, supernatural in power, dwelling outside this world and invading the world periodically to accomplish the divine will" is dying or is already dead. The evidence, as he says, and as we said in the 60s, is apparent: the shrinking of the area available for such a God; the absence of God in people’s consciousness, but most significantly the failure of today’s God to control or allay human anxiety. We have a culture which lives from one anxiety reaction to another: smoking, caffeine addiction, alcohol abuse, the whole stress-treatment industry and finally the epidemic of random violence and terror; all call for an accounting by religion. The 20^th Century invention of the Holocaust and ethnic cleansing show how hysterical anxiety has reached every level, shaping our very methods of ensuring ‘civil society’. It can no longer be pretended that religion as we have known it can be made to be a solution.

The Evolution of Self-Consciousness Gave Rise to Theism

Spong’s belief is that theism was itself born historically of the need to deal with the evolution of human self-consciousness. The failure of theism leads to rampant hysteria. The whole traditional Christian culture is in the grip of fear – an existential fear, reflecting loss of and meaning. The ancient theistic solution is bankrupt and it s purveyors are covering up.

It was this theistic God who, in our Judeo-Christian culture, first controlled our fears. Belief in his existence made dependency on him an effective protection against the unknown. Under the civilizing control of the Western God, with related laws and institutions, including individualistic prowess, civilization advanced. But with increased human powers and knowledge, and human means of coping with needs, that old God, whose necessity was a function of our ignorance and our susceptibility to control by God’s priestly agents, disappeared. That God serves now only a symbolic function. Fundamentalist literalism is one form of the general hysterical reaction, but it is "the last gasp of the past."

What is needed is a new way to affirm self-consciousness as an asset. We still look for the ‘timeless, eternal, real and true’ but we now must find them at the human level as fruits of a new consciousness of humanity.

A New God, a New Christ and a New Humanity

On the argument given, no less than a new cast of players is demanded. Spong’s developed vision will culminate in a new ecclesia. His logic is powerful.

1. The theistic God is no longer a reality in modern society.
   "Today’s knowledge revolution and an emerging human maturity have conspired to make the theistic pattern of the past unbelievable." (p58)
   "We can no longe be children dependent on the theistic parent-God." (p59) "God does not inhabit creeds or theological doctrines shaped with human words." (p61)
   "We can speak of God only in human words…yet the anthropomorphic language …is always distorting." (p63)

   The main postulate is that though God is indefinable, "ineffable" as Karen Armstrong concludes in her History of God, we do experience God. We can only see where God has been.

   "The personal qualities attributed to God were….communal values." (p69)

   It is no longer "God who is love" but a slow transformation has taken place so that we speak of "the love that is God".

   That God is the symbol of Being itself, "the source of life, the source of love, the Ground of Being." (p73)

   "The death of theism calls us into responsibility. It provides us with the opportunity to step boldly into fullness of life."(p74)

   "If God is the Ground of Being, then my being is a part of this inescapable, divine reality." (p75)

   "To see God in this way, to be part of that reality, is to become able to accept my responsibility for shaping my world." (p76)

2. The question about Christ, if we depart from the theistic God, is how, if at all, a Christ-story can be told.

   After all, Jesus as the incarnation of a God who isn’t resident somewhere else makes no sense. So, as Robert Funk of the Jesus Seminar concludes, Jesus needs a demotion. The theistic claims wrapped around him may now be unravelled.

   What we seek, according to Spong, is Jesus as a human being who "makes known the Ground of all Being." (p84) There is no necessity for a virgin birth, therefore, nor indeed for a physical resuscitation. Humanity is the arena in which Being was and is manifested. Resurrection is not a thing that occurs outside experience or after death. It happens to the living, perhaps to the dying. Paul’s experience of resurrection was his conversion.

   Though Paul did not impose supernaturalism on Jesus, he did see Jesus to have entered the realm of the divine. This meant that while Paul was undeniably theistic, he did not enwrap Jesus in the incarnational and trinitarian language of a developed theism. (p90)

   Yet Paul clearly saw Jesus as having entered into a "God-experience" that allows of the fullest realization of human being becoming part of God-Being. Indeed, are not the two inseparable, so that the Being that is God is not separable from its expression in human and all life? This is the whole point: we no longer speak of God as a separate being who exists independent of our being. To say less would be to deny the very potential of all self-conscious being. It is that potential that provides the possibility of any ‘new reformation’.

   Paul and the rest of them only had their theistic language by which to explain Jesus. The ‘something’ about Jesus that they had to explain was the core experience which pre-dated the construction of a theistic framework around Jesus. That core can remain intact after the theistic construction collapses.(p96)

3. The Theistic Model that Captured Christianity left Unanswered Problems in its Wake

   It would be tedious to rehearse here Spong’s strong argument for the inconsistency and artificiality of the Gospel acounts of the Virgin Birth and the Resurrection. They are all part of the process Lloyd Geering described in a delightful article entitled How Jesus Became God. Reference to my summary of Crossan and Reid will help remind the reader of the progression in thought about and representation of Jesus that is to be found in all of the Gospels.

   This in itself is sufficient to make Spong ask "Can Christianity then continue to live as theistically understood? (p112) Spong sets out to show "what a nontheitic Christianity would look like."

4. Changing the Basic Christian Myth

   Without the theistic framework, the traditional understanding of doctrines of incarnation and atonement becomes pointless.

   The virgin birth is a nonsnse to the modern mind.

   The ascension likewise is impossible in our modern knowledge of the universe. The atonement depends upon an unacceptable notion that human beings are hopelessly lost sinners unless God rescues them, which he is said to do by a purely mythical application of Jesus’ blood to the metaphysical debt of sin.

   The idea of a rescuing saviour becomes unnecessary. Baptism to ensure God will apply the formula to an infant becomes a nonsense.

   The rationale for the primary liturgical act, the sacrament of the cross, reflects a theistic repetition of a sacrifice to an "other" God.

   The atonement as a "cure" cannot have meaning if the diagnosis is wrong.

   A new way of telling the Christ story is the only option.

5. Jesus Painted a New Picture

Jesus traversed the barriers to a full humanity. These included prejudice based on such natural attributes as gender, illness, deformity, and sexual preference; social barriers such as gender, sexual preference, poverty, and tribal affiliation; and religious barriers of every kind. In each case, he manifested his intimate knowledge of a different way that he called the Reign of God.

He had a quality of love not seen before, a love that enhanced lives and made them whole. Those who saw this were in awe of him. He was human in a way that made them feel they were in the presence of God.

The life and love of Jesus manifest Being. Thus in Jesus, life, love and being are made present.

Those who find God through knowing Jesus as life, love and being enter into a God-endowment – a new and deeper self-hood.

All holy persons do this for us. Jesus epitomises full human-ness – a humanity without boundaries.

This is what becomes possible to humans "in Christ."

The God-presence that is available to all is an experience of the holy, found by us in Jesus.

Jesus becomes for us "our way to God."

Logically, Spong now dismisses the myth of original sin, which has been the most powerful instrument of priestly control. Evil is real in the world and represents the stark danger that confronts those who set forth on the path of their human possibility, their human being. The new way takes evil utterly seriously, by not mystifying it, but rather seeking the healing power of full loving, living and Being – a ‘replacement therapy’ or rather a wholeness therapy.

Spong’s vision for the ecclesia now rests on a fully explanatory base. It is found at the beginning of this Spong section.

I venture to say that the seven theologians sumarised are a highly congenial lot, whose visions are deeply complementary. I hope my own Alternative Vision is compatible with those of ‘the Seven.’

If a church group were to work through this material in search of a new vision, I doubt they would ever be the same again.

But what I do know is that this sort of thinking has been the most invigorating in my life – I mean the last 40 years especially. It is inclusive, so it’s truly integrative. You will find yourself constantly energised by the work of putting the knowledge, the experiencing, and the action that it all demands into effect.

Has the claim made by these theologians, and the vision I put forward, proved credible? Have we reached a turning point? Clearly I think so: it was reached a good many years ago. But only now has the point been reached where perverse refusal to look at the reality has become unsupportable. There is a gathering of reforming minds at every level within and without the Church. Untold numbers of ‘lay’ people are way ahead of the average clergy-person and of the most fervent conservatives. Like all reformations, it leaves many walking wounded in its wake. That is a cost that we might seek to share in our common humanity with Jesus. It is his radicalism, reflecting his being, that started it all.